1. Method signature Name and parameter list public static void test() public static int test() => Syntax error, Duplicate method test You cannot declare more than one method with the same name and the same number and type of arguments - the compiler cannot tell them apart. The compiler does not consider return type when differentiating methods, so you cannot declare two methods with the same signature even if they have a different return type.

2. Protected Members of a Class Private members of a class are private to the class Cannot be directly accessed outside of class Subclass cannot access Private, public, protected Protected allows subclass (only) access

4. class BaseClass { public int pubX = 10; private int privX = 10; protected int protX = 10; //Implicit Default Access Modifier int defX = 10; } class DerivedClass extends BaseClass { public void test() { //System.out.println("privX = " + privX); System.out.println("pubX = " + pubX); System.out.println("protX = " + protX); System.out.println("defX = " + defX); }

5. class TestClass { public static void main(String[] args) { BaseClass b= new BaseClass(); DerivedClass d = new DerivedClass(); //System.out.println("b.privX = " + b.privX); System.out.println("b.publicX = " + b.pubX); System.out.println("b.protX = " + b.protX); System.out.println("b.defX = " + b.defX); d.test(); }

6. DerivedClass public void setData(int pub,int priv,int prot, int def) { super.setData(priv); //private in BaseClass protX = prot; //protected in BClass defX = def; //default in Dclass pubX = pub; }

7. Inheritance and Default Base Class Constructors Default constructor – run by default in Base class – Base class constructor is also run be subclass – unless you explicitly call a base class constructor – given it by default if you write no constructors) To call the base class constructor, use the keyword super A call to super must always be the first action taken in a constructor definition

8. public class Employee { protected String number; protected String name; public Employee (String num, String nam) { number = num; name = nam; } ……. } public class PartTimeEmployee extends Employee { private double hourlyPay; public PartTimeEmployee(String num, String name, double hPay) { super (num, nam); hourlyPay = hPay; } … }

9. Default constructor of super always called first class Purple { protected int i = 0; public Purple() { System.out.println("Purple dc,i = " +i); } public Purple(int i) { this.i = i; System.out.println("Purple non dc,i = " +i); } class Violet extends Purple { Violet() { super(); //called whether or not we do this System.out.println("Violet dc,i = " +i); } Violet(int i) { super(i);//calls default if we don’t do this System.out.println("Violet non dc,i = " +i); }

10. Constructor rules public class Inheritance2 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("call Violet default constructor from client"); new Violet(); System.out.println("call Violet non-default constructor from client"); new Violet(4); }

11. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures 11 The class Object Directly or indirectly becomes the superclass of every class in Java Public members of class Object can be overridden/invoked by object of any class type

12. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures 12 The class Object : Equivalent Definition of a Class public class Clock { //Declare instance variables as given in Chapter 8 //Definition of instance methods as given in Chapter 8 //... } public class Clock extends Object { //Declare instance variables as given in Chapter 8 //Definition of instance methods as given in Chapter 8 //... } Every class overrides toString, equals, copy constructor

13. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures13 Some Constructors and Methods of the class Object

14. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures14 Hierarchy of Java Stream Classes

15. Polymorphism Reference of a superclass can point to its subclass Shape s = new Shape(); Rectangle r = new Rectangle (10, 15); s = r; When a program invokes a method through a superclass variable, the correct subclass version of the method is called, based on the type of the reference stored in the superclass variable s.area will invoke rectangles area The same method name and signature can cause different actions to occur, depending on the type of object on which the method is invoked Facilitates adding new classes to a system with minimal modifications to the system’s code Especially useful with arrays

16. Demonstrating polymorphic behavior public class Base { protected int i= 100;... public void display() { System.out.println( i );} } public class Doubler extends Base {...public void display() {System.out.println( i*2 );} } public class Tripler extends Base {...public void display() {System.out.println(i*3 );} } public class Squarer extends Base {...public void display() {System.out.println( i*i );}}

17. Static binding Base B = new Base(); B. display(); DoublerD = new Doubler(); D. display(); Tripler T = new Tripler(); T. display(); Squarer S = new Squarer(); S. display();  100  200  300  10000

18. Polymorphic Behavior: Dynamic binding Superclass reference can be aimed at a subclass object This is possible because a subclass object is a superclass object as well When invoking a method from that reference, the type of the actual referenced object, not the type of the reference, determines which method is called

19. Late binding - The appropriate version of a polymorphic method is decided at execution time Base B = new Base(); B. display(); Base D; D = new Doubler(); D. display(); Base T; T = new Tripler(); T. display(); Base S; S = new Squarer(); S. display();  100  200  300  10000

20. Example: Inheritance Hierarchy of Class Student :Polymorphism case Student #NUM_OF_TESTS : int = 3 #name : string #test [] : int __________________________________ +Student() +Student(in studentName : string) +setScore(in s1 : int, in s2 : int, in s3 : int) +setName(in newName : string) +getTestScore(int) : int +getCoursegrade() : string +setTestScore(in testNumber : int, in testName : string) +getName() : string +computeCourseGrade() GraduateStudent _________________________ +computeCourseGrade() _________________________ UnderGraduateStudent _________________________ +computeCourseGrade()

21. Example: Inheritance Hierarchy of Class Student : Polymorphism case Creating the roster an array must contain elements of the same data type. For example, we can’t store integers and real numbers in the same array. To follow this rule, it seems necessary for us to declare two separate arrays, one for graduate and another for undergraduate students. This rule, however, does not apply when the array elements are objects using the polymorphism. We only need to declare a single array. We can create the roster array combining objects from the Student, UndergraduateStudent, and GraduateStudent classes. Student roster = newStudent[40]; // this allocates space for 40 references... roster[0]= new GraduateStudent(); // this allocates space for the actual object roster[1]= new UndergraduateStudent(); roster[2]= new UndergraduateStudent(); roster[3]= new GraduateStudent();

22. State of the roster Array The roster array with elements referring to instances of GraduateStudent or UndergraduateStudent classes.

23. Sample Polymorphic Message To compute the course grade using the roster array, we execute for(inti = 0; i < numberOfStudents; i++) { roster[i].computeCourseGrade(); } If roster[i] refers to a GraduateStudent, then the computeCourseGrademethod of the GraduateStudentclass is executed. If roster[i] refers to an UndergraduateStudent, then the computeCourseGrademethod of the UndergraduateStudentclass is executed.

24. The instanceof Operator The instanceof operator can help us learn the class of an object. The following code counts the number of undergraduate students. int undergradCount= 0; for(int i = 0; i < numberOfStudents; i++) { if( roster[i] instanceof UndergraduateStudent) { undergradCount++; }

25. Implementation Student in Java Case Study See Poly example class student

26. upcast Shape s = new Circle();

27. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures 27 Polymorphism (continued) Can declare a method of a class final using the keyword final public final void doSomeThing() { //... } If a method of a class is declared final, it cannot be overridden with a new definition in a derived class

28. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures 28 Polymorphism (continued) Can also declare a class final using the keyword final If a class is declared final, then no other class can be derived from this class Java does not use late binding for methods that are private, marked final, or static

29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xw06loT m1k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xw06loT m1k

30. Abstract Class In order to postpone the definition of a method, Java allows an abstract method to be declared – An abstract method has a heading, but no method body – The body of the method is defined in the subclasses The class that contains an abstract method is called an abstract class Intended as a general description Specify only what is common (attributes and behaviors) among subclasses

31. Abstract Method An abstract method is like a placeholder for a method that will be fully defined in a descendent class It cannot be private It has no method body, and ends with a semicolon in place of its body Constructors and static methods cannot be abstract public abstract double area(); public abstract double perimeter();

32. Java Programming: Program Design Including Data Structures 32 Abstract Classes A class that is declared with the reserved word abstract in its heading An abstract class can contain instance variables, constructors, finalizers, and non- abstract methods An abstract class can contain abstract methods If a class contains an abstract method, the class must be declared abstract You cannot instantiate an object of an abstract class type; can only declare a reference variable of an abstract class type Can have several levels of abstract classes

33. 33 Abstract Class Example public abstract class Shape { protected String color;... public abstract double area(); public abstract double perimeter(); public void display() { System.out.println(this.area()); System.out.println(this.perimeter()); }... }

34. An abstract class can have any number of abstract and/or fully defined methods if a derived class of an abstract class adds to or does not define all of the abstract methods, then it is abstract also, and must add abstract to its modifier A class that has no abstract methods is called a concrete class Concrete class must give the definitions of all the abstract methods of the superclass

35. Pitfall: You Cannot Create Instances of an Abstract Class An abstract class can only be used to derive more specialized classes – While it may be useful to discuss shape in general, in reality a shape must be a rectangle form or a square form An abstract class constructor cannot be used to create an object of the abstract class – However, a subclass constructor will include an invocation of the abstract class constructor in the form of super

36. Dynamic Binding and Abstract Classes Controlling whether a subclass can override a superclass method – Field modifier final Prevents a method from being overridden by a subclass – Field modifier abstract Requires the subclass to override the method Early binding or static binding – The appropriate version of a method is decided at compilation time – Used by methods that are final or static

37. Employee hierarchy UML class diagram

38. Example: Inheritance Hierarchy of Class (employee example) Employee -fName : string -lName : string -ssn : string +Employee() +setFirstName(in fNa : string) +setLastName(in lName : string) +setSNN(in snn : string) +getFirstName() : string +getLastName() : string +getSNN() : string +earnings() : double +toString()

39. earningstoString EmployeeabstractfirstName lastName socialSecurityNumber Salaried- Employee weeklySalaryfirstName lastName socialSecurityNumber weeklySalary Hourly- Employee if( hours() <= 40 wage * hours else 40 * wage + ( hours-40 ) * wage* 1.5 firstName lastName socialSecurityNumber hours, wage Commission- Employee commissionRate + grossSalesfirstName lastName socialSecurityNumber grossSales, commissionRate BasePlus- Commission- Employee (commissionRate + grossSales) _ baseSalary firstName lastName socialSecurityNumber grossSales, commissionRate, baseSalary

40. // create objects of the concrete subclass SalariedEmployee sa= new SalariedEmployee("John", "Smith", "111-11-1111", 800.00 ); HourlyEmployee he = new HourlyEmployee( “Rob", "Jones", "222-22-2222", 16.75, 40 ); CommissionEmployee ce = new CommissionEmployee("Mike", "Adams", "333-33- 3333", 10000,.06 ); BasePlusCommissionEmployee bp = new BasePlusCommissionEmployee("Beth", "Lake", "444- 44-4444", 5000,.04, 300 );

41. System.out.println( "Employees processed individually:\n" ); /* sa is the same as sa.toString() */ System.out.println( sa + "\nearned: "+ sa.earnings()+"\n\n"); System.out.println( he + "\n earned: "+ he.earnings()+"\n\n"); System.out.println(ce + "\n earned: "+ ce.earnings()+"\n\n"); System.out.println(bp + "\n earned: "+ bp.earnings()+"\n\n");