1. Future Comforts Andrew Keogh Carrier Air Conditioning

2. Air Conditioning Energy Use AC can account for over 1/3 rd of all electricity used in a building The UK National Grid has now become summer peaking. 1,300 MW extra load on hot days, growing at 8% Rapid growth in the use of AC is threatening our Kyoto commitments

3. Air Conditioning Energy Use

5. 90 % 300 %

6. Natural Ventilation

7. Exposed building fabric Low internal gains Atrium / Chimney High thermal mass Open plan Shallow floor plan Sun shades or blinds Away from city centre Vents, wind catchers, solar chimneys Design Constraints

8. Dry BulbWet BulbHours 28.120.311 25.318.539 22.516.9123 19.715.3390 16.913.9573 14.212.3456 11.49.7528 8.67.2542 5.84.8375 3.12.3290 Design Conditions

9. RefrigerantR22R134aR290R744R717R410a Cooling COP4.664.614.542.534.754.39 Pressure ratio4.034.703.683.154.953.92 Refrigeration Effect 1631472791231102168 Inlet Quality0.250.29.30.55.16.31 Refrigerant Choice

10. T1 T2 T S COP=T2/(T1-T2) System Fundamentals

11. T1T2COP 3132757.2 Air cooled 6/12 System Fundamentals

12. T1T2COP 3132757.2 3032759.8 Air cooled 6/12 Water cooled 6/12 System Fundamentals

13. T1T2COP 3132757.2 3032759.8 30328515.8 Air cooled 6/12 Water cooled 6/12 Water cooled 16/20 System Fundamentals

14. Dry BulbWet BulbHours 28.120.311 25.318.539 22.516.9123 19.715.3390 16.913.9573 14.212.3456 11.49.7528 8.67.2542 5.84.8375 3.12.3290 Free Cooling

15. Dry BulbWet BulbHours 28.120.311 25.318.539 22.516.9123 19.715.3390 16.913.9573 14.212.3456 11.49.7528 8.67.2542 5.84.8375 3.12.3290 Free Cooling

16. Variable Speed Drives

17. Heat Pumps ? The Answer