1. Evolution Test Review

2. GRAPHS, CHARTS and Diagrams

3. Used to determine relatedness among species.
DNA ANALYSIS
Organism
DNA Codes
FROG
ATT GGA GCA GAC TTA
LIZARD
ATT GGC ACT AAT CTA
SALAMANDER
ATT GGA ACT AAC CTT
AMERICAN TOAD
ATC TCT AAC AAC CTT
Used to determine relatedness among species.

4. Protein (DNA) Analysis
Organism
Tuna
Mold
Moth
Dog
Horse
Chicken
Monkey
Number of differences in amino acids in Cytochrome C compared
to humans 21 48 31 11 12 13 1

5. Homologous Structures
Evidence for common ancestry.

6. FOSSIL RECORD
Provides evidence of change over time and age of past organisms.

7. Shows evidence of common ancestry.
EMBROLOGY
Shows evidence of common ancestry.

8. CLADOGRAM
A cladogram is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships.

9. Family Trees
Phylogenetic Trees: Order of Evolution of Species and Relatedness
Cladograms: Evolutionary Relationships and Development of Adaptations
Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 2

10. Bar Graph
This shows how the frequency of alleles for color have changed in this rabbit population over time.

11. Genetic Variation
Mutation: Some “green genes” randomly mutated to “brown genes” (although since any particular mutation is rare, this process alone cannot account for a big change in allele frequency over one generation).

12. Natural Selection
This is a non-random mechanism of evolution.

13. Gene Flow (Migration)
Migration (or gene flow): The introduction of new alleles into a population from another population of the same species. This is a random mechanism of evolution.

14. Genetic Drift
The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time.

15. Types of Natural Selection
One of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest.
The intermediate phenotype is the fittest.
Both of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest.

16. Speciation
The formation of new species from the evolution of existing species. Results from reproductive isolation of two populations.

17. Reproductive Isolation Types

18. Behavioral Isolation – when two populations are separated by different mating behaviors – leads to speciation

19. Geographic Isolation – when two populations are separated by a physical barrier and cannot reach each other – leads to speciation

20. Temporal Isolation – when two populations mate at different times – leads to speciation

21. Lamarck vs. Darwin

22. Lamarck vs. Darwin
Darwin would say the wolf with the square snout will be outcompeted by the round snouted wolf and die off.
Lamarck would say the wolf can change its snout shape by willing it to change during its lifetime.

23. Practice Questions

24. Meaning of Evolution

25. Answer - #3

26. Mechanisms of Evolution, Patterns of Evolution

27. Answer - #1

28. Phylogeny; Cladograms

29. Answer - #2

30. Mechanism of Evolution

31. Answer - #1

32. Natural Selection

33. Answer - #4

34. Evidence of Evolution
Comparative embryology, similar DNA sequences, and homologous structures are all evidence of
endosymbiotic theory
common ancestry
genetic drift
artificial selection
Human CCA GGT ATA
Chimp CCA GGT ATT
Cat CCA GAG ATC

35. Answer - B

36. Fossil Record

37. Answer - #1

38. Complexity of a Eukaryotic Cell

39. Answer - #3

40. Mechanisms of Evolution: Recombination

41. Answer - #4

42. Natural Selection

43. Answer - #2

45. Answer - #4

46. When a population cannot adapt to changes in their environment and they all die, ______________ has occurred.
a. adaptation
b. natural selection
c. genetic drift
d. extinction

47. Answer - D

48. Patterns of Evolution
On the Galapagos Islands, finch species started on one island, then moved to each island and evolved separately into new species. This is known as _______________
a. adaptive radiation
b. genetic drift
c. artificial selection
d. extinction

49. Answer - A

50. Emergence of a new species
When a new population evolves from a previous population and the two can no longer interbreed, ___________ has occurred.
a. genetic drift
b. speciation
c. artificial selection
d. extinction

51. Answer - B

52. The diagram documents a famous experiment by Diane Dodd
The diagram documents a famous experiment by Diane Dodd. Dodd took an initial population of Drosophila fruit flies and separated them into two different containers. The first group was fed food containing mostly starch. The second group was fed food containing mostly maltose. After eight generations apart (about four months), the flies were re-introduced and could not longer interbreed. They had become two new species. What is the most likely reason the flies evolved into two species?
At least one of the groups of flies became sterile and unable to lay eggs.
The two flies were really separate species to begin with, but it went unnoticed.
The two different food sources introduced many new DNA mutations very quickly and the flies changed drastically.
Separation with different food sources gave an advantage to mutant flies that could only digest starch or digest maltose. They survived and the species changed in these directions.

53. Answer - D