1. Network Security7-1 Firewalls Isolates organization’s internal net from larger Internet, allowing some packets to pass, blocking others. firewall

2. Network Security7-2 Firewalls: Why Prevent denial of service attacks: m Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack: Send many fake requests to congest link or consume server resource (CPU, memory) m SYN flooding: attacker sends many SYNs to victim; victim has to allocate connection resource; victim has no resource left for real connection requests any more. Usually with spoofed source IP address Prevent illegal modification/access of internal data. m e.g., attacker replaces CIA’s homepage with something else

3. Network Security7-3 Firewalls: Why Allow only authorized access to inside network m Set of authenticated users m Set of authorized IP addresses Two types of firewalls: m application-level Checking application level data m packet-filtering Checking TCP or IP packets only

4. Network Security7-4 Packet Filtering r internal network connected to Internet via router firewall r router filters packet-by-packet, decision to forward/drop packet based on: m source IP address, destination IP address m TCP/UDP source and destination port numbers m ICMP message type m TCP SYN and ACK bits Should arriving packet be allowed in? Departing packet let out?

5. Network Security7-5 Packet Filtering r Example 1: block incoming and outgoing datagrams with IP protocol field = 17 and with either source or dest port = 23. m All incoming and outgoing UDP flows and telnet connections are blocked. r Example 2: Block inbound TCP segments with SYN=1. m Prevents external clients from making TCP connections with internal clients, but allows internal clients to connect to outside. Example of Windows XP service pack 2 firewall (control panel  security center  windows firewall)

6. Network Security7-6 Policy Firewall Setting No outside Web access. Drop all outgoing packets to any IP address, port 80, 443 No incoming TCP connections, except those for institution’s public Web server 130.207.244.203 only. Drop all incoming TCP SYN packets to any IP except 130.207.244.203, port 80,443 Prevent Web-radios (UDP based) from eating up the available bandwidth. Drop all incoming UDP packets - except DNS and router broadcasts. Prevent your network from being used for a smurf DoS attack. Drop all ICMP packets going to a “broadcast” address (eg 130.207.255.255). Prevent your network from being tracerouted Drop all outgoing ICMP TTL expired traffic Stateless packet filtering: more examples

7. Network Security7-7 A Real Example: Lab setup when I was a PhD student r Gateway: a cheap Linux machine runs Iptables r Web server: Linux machine runs Apache web server r Main server: Linux machine runs SSH, Sendmail (SMTP and IMAPS) r Allow a specific machine outside to print to main server’s printer DMZ

8. Network Security7-8 Traffic Allowance Policy: r (1). Internet ==> LAN To Main Server: SSH, SMTP,IMAP+SSL, LPD request from a trusted IP. r (2). Internet ==> DMZ Web Server ---- SSH, Web request. r (3). Internet ==> Gateway ---- SSH only (for admin) r (4). DMZ Web Server==> LAN, Internet SSH to Internet and only to Main Server in LAN; DNS request; WWW/FTP request to Internet. r (5). LAN ==> Internet, DMZ WebServer ---- SSH, DNS, WWW/FTP, SMTP, RealPlay. DMZ

9. Network Security7-9 r HTTP forwarding from Internet to DMZ web server (port 80) m iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --sport $UNPRIVPORTS -d $out.IP --dport 80 -j DNAT --to- destination $DMZ_SERVER m iptables -A FORWARD -o $eth2 -p tcp --sport $UNPRIVPORTS -d $DMZ_SERVER --dport 80 -m state -- state NEW -j ACCEPT r SMTP from internal mail server to external Mail Server m iptables -A FORWARD -i $eth1 -o $eth0 -p tcp -s $LAN_MAINSERVER -- sport $UNPRIVPORTS --dport 25 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT r Allow Telnet to outside from LAN m iptables -A FORWARD -i $LAN_IF -o $EXT_IF -p tcp --sport $UNPRIVPORTS --dport 23 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT DMZ

10. Network Security7-10 Application gateways r Filters packets on application data as well as on IP/TCP/UDP fields. r Example: allow select internal users to telnet outside. host-to-gateway telnet session gateway-to-remote host telnet session application gateway router and filter 1. Require all telnet users to telnet through gateway. 2. For authorized users, gateway sets up telnet connection to dest host. Gateway relays data between 2 connections 3. Router filter blocks all telnet connections not originating from gateway. r Example: block user access to know porn websites m Check if the Web URL is in a “black-list”

11. Network Security7-11 Limitations of firewalls and gateways r IP spoofing: router can’t know if data “really” comes from claimed source m SYN flood attack m UDP traffic r client software must know how to contact application gateway. m e.g., must set IP address of proxy in Web browser r Speed constraint on high-bandwidth link m Application-level firewall is time consuming r filters often use all or nothing policy for UDP m Usually most incoming UDP ports are blocked m The trouble caused to real-time Internet video

12. Network Security7-12 Limitations of firewalls and gateways r tradeoff: degree of communication with outside world, level of security r Trend --- remote office m Blurred boundary between inside outside m Employee laptop threat r many highly protected sites still suffer from attacks

13. Network Security7-13 Internet security threats Mapping: m before attacking: “case the joint” – find out what services are implemented on network  Use ping to determine what hosts have addresses on network m Port-scanning: try to establish TCP connection to each port in sequence (see what happens) m nmap (http://www.insecure.org/nmap/) mapper: “network exploration and security auditing” Countermeasures?

14. Network Security7-14 Internet security threats Mapping: countermeasures m record traffic entering network m look for suspicious activity (IP addresses, pots being scanned sequentially) m Firewall to block incoming TCP/SYN to ports or computers not providing the services m Block ping traffic

15. Network Security7-15 Internet security threats Packet sniffing: m broadcast media m promiscuous NIC reads all packets passing by m can read all unencrypted data (e.g. passwords) m e.g.: C sniffs B’s packets A B C src:B dest:A payload Countermeasures?

16. Network Security7-16 Internet security threats Packet sniffing: countermeasures m all hosts in orgnization run software that checks periodically if host interface in promiscuous mode. m one host per segment of broadcast media (switched Ethernet at hub) A B C src:B dest:A payload

17. Network Security7-17 Internet security threats IP Spoofing: m can generate “raw” IP packets directly from application, putting any value into IP source address field m receiver can’t tell if source is spoofed m e.g.: C pretends to be B A B C src:B dest:A payload Countermeasures?

18. Network Security7-18 Internet security threats IP Spoofing: ingress filtering m routers should not forward outgoing packets with invalid source addresses (e.g., datagram source address not in router’s network) m great, but ingress filtering can not be mandated for all networks A B C src:B dest:A payload

19. Network Security7-19 Internet security threats Denial of service (DOS): m flood of maliciously generated packets “swamp” receiver m Distributed DOS (DDOS): multiple coordinated sources swamp receiver m e.g., C and remote host SYN-attack A A B C SYN Countermeasures?

20. Network Security7-20 Internet security threats Denial of service (DOS): countermeasures m filter out flooded packets (e.g., SYN) before reaaching host Cooperation with source routers Detect spoofed SYN based on TTL values m traceback to source of floods (most likely an innocent, compromised machine) A B C SYN

21. Network Security7-21 Pretty good privacy (PGP) r Internet e-mail encryption scheme, de-facto standard. r uses symmetric key cryptography, public key cryptography, hash function, and digital signature as described. r provides secrecy, sender authentication, integrity. r inventor, Phil Zimmerman, was target of 3-year federal investigation. ---BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE--- Hash: SHA1 Bob:My husband is out of town tonight.Passionately yours, Alice ---BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE--- Version: PGP 5.0 Charset: noconv yhHJRHhGJGhgg/12EpJ+lo8gE4vB3mqJ hFEvZP9t6n7G6m5Gw2 ---END PGP SIGNATURE--- A PGP signed message:

22. Network Security7-22 Secure sockets layer (SSL) r provides transport layer security to any TCP-based application using SSL services. m e.g., between Web browsers, servers for e-commerce (shttp) r security services: m server authentication, data encryption, client authentication (optional) TCP IP TCP enhanced with SSL TCP socket Application TCP IP TCP API SSL sublayer Application SSL socket

23. Network Security7-23 Secure sockets layer (SSL) r transport layer security to any TCP- based app using SSL services. r used between Web browsers, servers for e-commerce (shttp). r security services: m server authentication m data encryption m client authentication (optional) r server authentication: m SSL-enabled browser includes public keys for trusted CAs. m Browser requests server certificate, issued by trusted CA. m Browser uses CA’s public key to extract server’s public key from certificate. r check your browser’s security menu to see its trusted CAs.

24. Network Security7-24 SSL (continued) Encrypted SSL session: r Browser generates symmetric session key, encrypts it with server’s public key, sends encrypted key to server. r Using private key, server decrypts session key. r Browser, server know session key m All data sent into TCP socket (by client or server) encrypted with session key. r SSL: basis of IETF Transport Layer Security (TLS). r SSL can be used for non-Web applications, e.g., IMAP. r Client authentication can be done with client certificates. m Not widely used since too many clients

25. Network Security7-25 SSL: three phases 1. Handshake: r Bob establishes TCP connection to Alice r authenticates Alice via CA signed certificate r creates, encrypts (using Alice’s public key), sends master secret key to Alice m nonce exchange not shown SSL hello certificate K A + (MS) TCP SYN TCP SYNACK TCP ACK decrypt using K A - to get MS create Master Secret (MS)

26. Network Security7-26 SSL: three phases 2. Key Derivation: r Alice, Bob use shared secret (MS) to generate 4 keys: m E B : Bob->Alice data encryption key m E A : Alice->Bob data encryption key m M B : Bob->Alice MAC key m M A : Alice->Bob MAC key r encryption and MAC algorithms negotiable between Bob, Alice r why 4 keys? m Different keys by each person m Different keys for encryption and integrity checking

27. Network Security7-27 SSL: three phases 3. Data transfer H( ). MBMB b 1 b 2 b 3 … b n d dH(d) d H( ). EBEB TCP byte stream block n bytes together compute MAC encrypt d, MAC, SSL seq. # (why ssl#?) SSL seq. # dH(d) Type Ver Len SSL record format encrypted using E B unencrypted

28. Network Security7-28 IPsec: Network Layer Security r network-layer secrecy: m sending host encrypts the data in IP datagram m TCP and UDP segments; ICMP and SNMP messages. r network-layer authentication m destination host can authenticate source IP address r two principal protocols: m authentication header (AH) protocol m encapsulation security payload (ESP) protocol r for both AH and ESP, source, destination handshake: m create network-layer logical channel called a security association (SA) r each SA unidirectional. r uniquely determined by: m security protocol (AH or ESP) m source IP address m 32-bit connection ID

29. Network Security7-29 Authentication Header (AH) Protocol r provides source authentication, data integrity, no confidentiality r AH header inserted between IP header, data field. r protocol field: 51 r intermediate routers process datagrams as usual AH header includes: r connection identifier r authentication data: source- signed message digest calculated over original IP datagram. r next header field: specifies type of data (e.g., TCP, UDP, ICMP) IP headerdata (e.g., TCP, UDP segment) AH header

30. Network Security7-30 IEEE 802.11 security r Packet sniffing is unavoidable r War-driving: drive around Bay area, see what 802.11 networks available? m More than 9000 accessible from public roadways m 85% use no encryption/authentication m packet-sniffing and various attacks easy! r Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): authentication as in protocol ap4.0 (require shared symmetric key) m host requests authentication from access point m access point sends 128 bit nonce m host encrypts nonce using shared symmetric key m access point decrypts nonce, authenticates host

31. Network Security7-31 IEEE 802.11 security r Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP): data encryption m Host/AP share 40 bit symmetric key (semi- permanent) m Host appends 24-bit initialization vector (IV) to create 64-bit key IV is equivalent to a “nonce” m 64 bit key used to generate stream of keys, k i IV (using RC4 stream cipher) m k i IV used to encrypt i-th byte, d i, in frame: c i = d i XOR k i IV m IV and encrypted bytes, c i sent in frame

32. Network Security7-32 802.11 WEP encryption Sender-side WEP encryption

33. Network Security7-33 802.11 WEP Security Concern r 40 bits in encryption is too short r RC4 is not properly used in 802.11 r A more secure protocol is just standardized, 802.11i

34. Network Security7-34 Breaking 802.11 WEP encryption security hole: r 24-bit IV, one IV per frame, -> IV’s eventually reused r IV transmitted in plaintext -> IV reuse detected r attack: m Trudy causes Alice to encrypt known plaintext d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 … m Trudy sees: c i = d i XOR k i IV m Trudy knows c i d i, so can compute k i IV m Trudy knows encrypting key sequence k 1 IV k 2 IV k 3 IV … m Next time IV is used, Trudy can decrypt!

35. Network Security7-35 Network Security (summary) Basic techniques…... m cryptography (symmetric and public) m authentication m message integrity m key distribution …. used in many different security scenarios m secure email m secure transport (SSL) m IP sec m 802.11 security