1. Progress at the XFELs in Europe and Japan Hans-H. Braun, PSI 48 th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources March 1-5, 2010 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

2. ProjectStatus First Lasing T e- λ min Driver technology (main linac) Overall length FLASHrunning 2005 (2000 TTF) 1.2 GeV50 Å Pulsed SC 1.3 GHz 315 m FERMI@ELETTRAconstruction20101.8 GeV30 Å Pulsed NC 3.0 GHz 375 m SCSSconstruction20118 GeV1 Å Pulsed NC 5.7 GHz 750 m European XFELconstruction201517.5 GeV1 Å Pulsed SC 1.3 GHz 3400 m SPARX Waiting for approval 2015 ?2.4 GeV5 Å Pulsed NC 2.85 GHz 500 m SwissFEL Waiting for approval 2016 ?5.8 GeV1 Å Pulsed NC 5.7 GHz 715 m NLS Waiting for approval ?2.25 GeV12 Å C.W. SC 1.3 GHz 660 m XFELs overview

6. European XFEL FEL parameters

8. FLASH

9. 400 m Accelerator Tunnel Undulator Hall Experimental Hall (under construction) Klystron Gallery Machine Assembly Hall XFEL/SPring-8 Building construction completed March 2009

10. SCSS

12. SCSS Test Accelerator Performance 2006 First lasing at 49 nm 2007 Full saturation at 60 nm 2008 User operation stat E-beam Charge: 0.3 nC Emittance: 0.7 .mm.mrad (measured at undulator) Four C-band accelerators 1.8 m x 4 Emax = 37 MV/m Energy = 250 MeV In-Vacuum Undulators Period = 15 mm, K=1.3 Two 4.5 m long. 500 kV Pulse electron gun CeB6 Thermionic cathode Beam current 1 Amp. 238 MHz buncher 476 MHz booster S-band buncher C-band accelerator In-vacuum undulator

14. Slide Courtesy of S. Di Mitri FEL1 FEL2 I/O mirrors & gas cells PADReS EIS DIPROI LDM Photon Beam Lines slits experimental hall undulator hall Transfer Line FEL1 FEL2 L1 X-band BC1 L2L3 L4 BC2 linac tunnel PI Laser Heater FERMI Layout

17. FERMI@ELETTRA Electron beam parameters ParameterFEL - 1FEL - 2Units Wavelength100 - 2020 - 3nm Electron beam Energy1.21.7GeV Bunch Charge0.81nC Peak Current850500A Bunch Length (FWHM)400600fs Norm. Emittance (slice)0.8 - 1.21.0 - 2.0mm mrad Energy Spread (slice)150 - 250 100 - 200 keV Repetition Rate10 - 5050Hz FERMI@ELETTRA FEL parameters

18. Free Electron Laser ranging from 40 nm a 0.5 nm 4 different Beamlines with dedicated experimental stations Peak Brillance: 10 27 sec.mrad².mm.0.1 % BW – 80-200 fs pulses Site : Università di Roma Tor Vergata Costruction of the 500 m tunnel: 2010 - 2014 Applications: Time-resolved X-ray techniques Coherent x-ray imaging Spectromicroscopy Structural studies of biological systems, allowing crystallographic studies on biological macromolecules www.sparx-fel.eu

20. S-band Gun Velocity Bunching Long Solenoids Diagnostic and Matching Seeding THz Source 150 MeV S-band linac 12 m Undulators u = 2.8 cm K max = 2.2 r = 500 nm 15 m

21. Aramis: 1-7 Å hard X-ray SASE FEL, In-vacuum, planar undulators with variable gap. Athos: 7-70 Å soft X-ray FEL for SASE & Seeded operation. APPLE II undulators with variable gap and full polarization control. D’Artagnan: FEL for wavelengths above Athos, seeded with an HHG source. Besides covering the longer wavelength range, the FEL is used as the initial stage of a High Gain Harmonic Generation (HGHG) with Athos as the final radiator. SwissFEL 704 m

22. 715m hard X_ray hall Undulator lines Linacs Injector SwissFEL soft X_ray hall

23. e - Parameters Nominal Operation Mode Upgrade Operation Mode Long Pulses Short Pulses Ultra-Short Pulses Charge per Bunch (pC)20010 Beam energy for 1 Å (GeV)5.8 Core Slice Emittance (mm.mrad)0.430.180.25 Projected Emittance (mm.mrad)0.650.250.45 Slice Energy Spread (keV, rms )3502501000 Relative Energy Spread (%)0.0060.0040.02 Peak Current at Undulator (kA)2.70.77 Bunch Length (fs, rms)3060.6 Bunch Compression Factor1252402400 Repetition Rate (Hz)100 Number of Bunches / Pulse222 Bunch Spacing (ns)50 SwissFEL electron beam parameters

24. Photon Nominal Operation Mode Upgrade Operation Mode Long Pulses Short Pulses Ultra-Short Pulses Undulator Period (mm)15 Undulator Parameter1.2 Laser Wavelength (Å)111 Maximum Saturation Length (m)50 Saturation Pulse Energy (µJ)6036 Effective Saturation Power (GW)20.611 Photon Pulse Length at 1 Å (fs, rms)132.10.3 Number of Photon at 1 Å (×10 9 )311.73.2 Bandwidth (%)0.030.040.05 Peak Brightness (# photons.mm -2.mrad -2.s -1 /0.1% bandwidth) 3.10 32 1.10 32 1,3.10 33 Average Brightness (# photons.mm -2.mrad -2.s -1 /0.1% bandwidth) 1.10 21 5,7.10 18 7,5.10 18 SwissFEL photon beam parameters (Aramis for 1 Å)

25. SwissFEL 250 MeV Injector Test Facility

26. Today

28. ProjectType Gun technology Laser type Cathode material FLASHRF gun Pulsed NC 1.3 GHz Nd:YLF 4 th harmonic Cs 2 Te SCSS Thermionic Diode with SHB Pulsed 500kV with SHB n.a.CeB 6 FERMI@ELETTRARF gun Pulsed NC 3.0 GHz Ti:Sa 3 rd harmonic Cu European XFELRF gun Pulsed NC 1.3 GHz Yb:YAG 4 th harmonic Cs 2 Te SPARC XRF gun Pulsed NC 2.85 GHz Ti:Sa 3 rd harmonic Cu SwissFELRF gun Pulsed NC 3.0 GHz Ti:Sa 3 rd harmonic Cu NLSRF gun C.W. SC 1.3 GHz ?Cs 2 Te Injectors

32. From PITZ, SSCS and LCLS injector data one could infer: No matter what you choose as injector, if you work hard enough you get ε ≈ 1 μm q B ½ (with q B in nC ) Open injector R&D issues how to get the same ε/q B ½ for c.w. operation how to improve one order of magnitude in ε/q B ½

34. Photon energy vs. electron beam power cold linac warm linac

37. Cost comparison linac technologies or Why doesn’t everybody take s.c. & c.w. Technology Linac investment cost w/o building Typical gradient Electric consumption Pulsed n.c. with SLED 10 M€/GeV 20 MV/m (S-band) 30 MV/m (C-band) 0.5 MW/GeV Pulsed superconducting 20 M€/GeV24 MV/m0.5 MW/GeV c.w. superconducting ? 30 M€/GeV ?18 MV/m5 MW/GeV Beware! This is not exact science !

38. Cost vs. gradient for S-band with 45 MW klystron, S-band with 80MW klystron and C-band with 50 MW klystron Advantage of C-band is in real-estate needs and electricity consumption

39. Talk Matthias Fuchs Thursday 10:00 - 10:30

40. Many thanks to Reinhard Brinkmann, Jörg Rossbach, Massimo Ferrario, Florian Grϋner, Stephen Milton, Tsumoru Shintake, Richard Walker for providing information and materials