1. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice Volume 2 Patient Assessment

2. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Chapter 4 Clinical Decision Making

3. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Topics Introduction to Critical Thinking Paramedic Practice Critical Thinking Skills Thinking Under Pressure The Critical Decision Process

4. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Introduction to Critical Thinking

5. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Introduction to Critical Thinking As a paramedic, you inevitably will face your moment of truth. –A critical decision can mean the difference between life and death. Twenty-first-century paramedics are prehospital practitioners of emergency medicine—not field technicians.

6. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Making critical decisions requires clinical judgment— the use of knowledge and experience to diagnose patients and plan their treatment. Introduction to Critical Thinking

7. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Paramedic Practice

8. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Paramedic Practice As a paramedic, you must gather, evaluate, and synthesize much information in very little time. Requires the use of all senses. The differential diagnosis is a preliminary list of possible causes for your patient’s problem. By conducting a history and physical exam the paramedic will arrive at a field diagnosis.

9. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Paramedic Practice The paramedic will apply clinical experience and exercise independent decision-making in order to develop and implement a management plan. Paramedics perform procedures in various uncontrolled and unpredictable environments.

10. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Patient Acuity The severity or acuteness of your patient’s condition. The spectrum of care in the pre-hospital setting includes three general classes of patient acuity.

11. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Classes of Acuity Those with obvious life-threats Those with potential life-threats Those with non-life-threatening presentations

12. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Obvious Life-Threats Major multi-system trauma Devastating single-system trauma End-stage disease (i.e., renal failure) Acute presentations of chronic diseases

13. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Potential Life-Threats Serious multi-system trauma Multiple disease etiology

14. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Non-Life-Threats Isolated minor illnesses and injuries Majority of calls are non-life threats

15. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Protocols, standing orders, and patient care algorithms provide a standardized approach to emergency patient care.

16. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Protocol A standard that includes general and specific principles for managing certain patient conditions. Protocols are also for special situations such as physician on-scene, radio failure, and termination of resuscitation.

17. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Standing Orders Treatments you can perform before contacting the medical direction physician for permission

18. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Algorithm Schematic flow chart that outlines appropriate care for specific signs and symptoms

19. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ While algorithms, standing orders, and protocols provide paramedics with guidance…

20. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ …do not allow the linear thinking or “cookbook medicine” that protocols promote restrain you from consulting with your medical direction physician.

21. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Critical Thinking Skills

22. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Critical Thinking Skills Knowing anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology Focusing on large amounts of data Organizing information Identifying and dealing with medical ambiguity

23. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Critical Thinking Skills Differentiating between relevant and irrelevant data Analyzing and comparing similar situations Explaining decisions and constructing logical arguments

24. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Useful Thinking Styles A paramedic must stay calm and not panic. –The key is focusing on the task and blocking out the distractions. Assume and plan for the worst. Establish and maintain a systematic assessment pattern.

25. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Be like the duck— cool and calm on the water’s surface, while paddling feverishly underneath!

26. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Thinking Under Pressure

27. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Thinking Under Pressure With experience, you will learn to manage nervousness and maintain a steadfast, controlled demeanor. Except for safety concerns, never allow anything to distract you from your most important job—assessing and caring for your patient.

28. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Useful Management Styles Situation analysis –Reflective vs impulsive Data processing –Convergent vs divergent Decision making –Anticipatory vs reactive

29. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Thinking Under Pressure Physical influences –Autonomic response Sympathetic response is useful –Increases visual, auditory, reflexes, and muscular strength Sympathetic response may be detrimental –Diminish ability to concentrate

30. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Mental Checklist Developing a routine mental checklist as a good way to stay focused and systematic. Develop acronyms and mnemonics to remember critical elements during stressful incidents. –SAMPLE, OPQRST-ASPN, AVPU, etc.

31. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Mental Checklist Scan the situation Stop and think Decide and act Maintain control Re-evaluate

32. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ The Critical Decision Process

33. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ The Critical Decision Process Form a concept Interpret the data Apply the principles Evaluate Reflect

34. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Form a Concept Observe patient’s mental status, skin color, positioning, and note any deformities or asymmetry. Conduct an initial assessment. Ascertain your patient’s history. Conduct a focused physical exam of the appropriate areas.

35. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Interpret the Data Interpret all of your data in light of your knowledge and experience. Your attitude toward managing patients with these symptoms also becomes a factor. Determine the most common and statistically probable conditions that fit your patient’s initial presentation.

36. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Apply the Principles Devise a management plan that covers all contingencies. Use written protocols, standing orders, and all the interventions at your disposal to manage your patient’s particular problem. Consult medical direction for atypical presentations.

37. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Evaluate Reassess your patient’s condition and the effects of interventions. Initial impressions may be altered. A detailed exam may be conducted to find less obvious conditions.

38. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Reflect Discuss events with the physician. Conduct a run critique with the crew. Increase your experience base.

39. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Putting It All Together The Six Rs Read the scene Read the patient React Re-evaluate Revise the management plan Review your performance

40. Bledsoe et al., Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice, Volume 2: Patient Assessment, 3rd Ed. © 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ Summary Introduction to Critical Thinking Paramedic Practice Critical Thinking Skills Thinking Under Pressure The Critical Decision Process