1. MAKING PUNNETT PREDICTIONS http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/mutant_flies/mutant_flies.html

2. m m + +m IF GENE is AUTOSOMAL and RECESSIVE TO + MALES:FEMALES 1:1 + m + m ++ +m +m mm http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/mutant_flies/curly-wings.gif F 1 All = +m (wildtype) F 2 ¼ = ++ 75% wildtype ½ = +m ¼ = mm 25% mutant 3:1

3. M M + +M IF GENE is AUTOSOMAL and DOMINANT TO + MALES:FEMALES 1:1 + M + M ++ +M +M MM F 1 All = +M (mutant) F2 ¼ = ++ 25% wildtype ½ = +M ¼ = MM 75% mutant 1:3

4. Y y y Yy yy IF GENE is LETHAL (YY) (Can’t cross pure dominant) Males:females 1:1 Y y Y y YY Yy Yy yy X F 1 50% = Yellow 50% = grey F 2 ¼ = YY (lethal) ½ = Yy 2/3 yellow ¼ = yy 1/3 grey 2:1 ratio F1 F2

5. X + y X m X + X m X m y IF GENE is X-linked recessive Different pattern if gene is inherited from mom or dad Mutant mom X wild type dad X m y X + X m 50% normal females 50% mutant males X + X m X+y X m X m X m y When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios 25% normal females 25% mutant females 25% mutant males 25% normal males F1

6. X m y X + X + X m X + y IF GENE is X-linked recessive Different pattern if gene is inherited from mom or dad Wild type mom X mutant dad X + y X + X m 50% normal females 50% normal males X + X m X m y When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios 50% normal females 50% mutant males F1 F2

7. X + y X M X + X M X M y IF GENE is X-linked dominant MUTANT MOM X WILD TYPE DAD X M y X + X M 50% mutant females 50% mutant males X + X M X + y X M X M X M y When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios F1 F2 50% mutant females 25% wild type males 25% mutant males

8. X M y X + X + X M X + y IF GENE is X-linked dominant WILD TYPE MOM X MUTANT DAD X + y X + X M 50% mutant females 50% normal males X + X + X + y X + X M X M y When using Virtual fly lab Choose ignore sex and see if it changes the ratios 25% wild type females 25% mutant females 25% wild type males 25% mutant males F1 F2

9. GENETIC ABBREVIATIONS DOMINANT MUTATIONS: first letter = capitalized. EX: sternopleural bristles= Sp RECESSIVE MUTATIONS = lower case EX: mahogany eyes = mah normal "wild type" version of the gene = same abbreviation as mutant with a "+" superscript For example, Sp + and mah +. Sometimes, when the meaning is obvious, "+" by itself is used EX: heterozygote genotypes: +/Sp and +/mah. VIRTUAL FLY LAB DOESN’T FOLLOW THIS PROTOCOL: You need to explore and figure out whether it is dominant or recessive.