1. MUTATIONS Section 11.3
pgs

2. Take out a sheet of paper and write both lab partners names on it
Take out a sheet of paper and write both lab partners names on it. Number it from 1- 8 and answer the questions as they are presented.
1. What concepts/ideas come to mind when you hear the term mutation? 2. Why might a mutation have little or no harmful effect on an organism?

3. OBJECTIVES
Categorize different kinds of mutations that can occur in DNA.
Compare the effects of different kinds of mutations on cells and organisms.

4. Mutations 3. When or how could DNA be changed?
Mutation = change in DNA sequence
3. When or how could DNA be changed?
Mutations can be caused by errors in replication, transcription, translation, cell division, or external agents.
Mutations in Reproductive Cells can affect potential offspring (ex: inheritable genetic disorders)
Mutations in Body Cells do not get passed onto offspring (ex: if an individual develops skin cancer)

5. MUTATIONS Ex. 1 - THE DOG RAN ALL DAY becomes THE DOG SRA NAL LDA Y or
THE DOG FAN ALL DAY
4. Explain what happened in the 1st example.
5. Explain what happened in the 2nd example.
6. Why are the words 3 letters long?

6. Types of Mutations - can alter the genetic code causing changes to amino acids and then the protein produced.
Frameshift - moves reading frame to the left or right. Original sentence – THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
Deletion = a base is deleted (THE DOG ANA LLD AY)
Insertion = a base is added (THE DOG GRA NAL LDA Y)

7. http://highered. mcgraw-hill

8. Point Mutation/Substitution – One base is substituted in place of another possibly altering amino acids produced
Missense Mutation – changes the amino acid
THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
THE DOG FAN ALL DAD

9. POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITIUTION
Nonsense Mutation – changes amino acid to a stop codon.
THE DOG RAN ALL DAY
THE DOG RAN

10. POINT MUTATION/SUBSTITUTION
Silent Mutation – Doesn’t change the amino acid
7. Using the chart on pg. 292 give an example of how changing one of the 3 bases in a codon would result in a Silent Mutation.

13. 8. Describe what has happened to the each chromosome above.

14. Chromosomal Alterations
Chromosomes can be
- broken off or lost during mitosis/meiosis
- break off and rejoin incorrectly
- a complete extra chromosome
- a complete missing chromosome
Fig pg. 300 – Four kinds of chromosomal mutations.
Deletion 3. Inversion
Insertion 4. Translocation

15. Mutation of genetic material will affect the proteins produced

16. Textbook pg. 299 #’s 1&4
Working with another lab group answer questions 1 & 4 on the dry erase boards. Be prepared to share your answers with other groups.

17. Sickle Cell – result from the change in one base on Chromosome 11.

18. Cause & Repair
Some mutations are spontaneous others can be the result of long term exposure
Mutagen = any agent that causes DNA change (ex: harmful chemicals, radiation)
Cells have repair mechanisms and special enzymes that can fix incorrect DNA.