1. Photosynthesis Section 10.2

2. Leaf structure

4. Pigments and Sunlight Chlorophyll reflects green and some blue and yellow light while it absorbs the energy of all other colors of light. Chlorophyll reflects green and some blue and yellow light while it absorbs the energy of all other colors of light.

5. Chemical Equation In Photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose plus oxygen. In Photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose plus oxygen. Light Energy Light Energy Chloroplast Chloroplast 6CO 2 +6H 2 O --- > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO 2 +6H 2 O --- > C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2

6. Light Reactions Dependent on light to power reactions Dependent on light to power reactions Occurs on the thylakoids in the chloroplast Occurs on the thylakoids in the chloroplast Consists of an Electron Transport Chain and Photolysis Consists of an Electron Transport Chain and Photolysis This cycle powers and provides raw materials for the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions) This cycle powers and provides raw materials for the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reactions) H 2 O +ADP + NADP  ATP +NADPH+H + +O 2 H 2 O +ADP + NADP  ATP +NADPH+H + +O 2

7. Electron Transport Chain Light striking the chloroplast causes electrons from within the chlorophyll to gain energy and leave the chlorophyll molecule. As these electrons move down the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) they lose energy which is used to make ATP Light striking the chloroplast causes electrons from within the chlorophyll to gain energy and leave the chlorophyll molecule. As these electrons move down the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) they lose energy which is used to make ATP

8. Photolysis The chlorophyll now picks up electrons from water molecules. This splits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas given off by the plant The chlorophyll now picks up electrons from water molecules. This splits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen gas given off by the plant Hydrogen ions are picked up by NADPH and Form NADPH+H + which are then carried to the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent reactions) Hydrogen ions are picked up by NADPH and Form NADPH+H + which are then carried to the Calvin Cycle (Light Independent reactions)

9. Photosynthesis

10. Calvin Cycle Take place in the Stroma of the Chloroplasts Take place in the Stroma of the Chloroplasts Does not require light can occur with or without light Does not require light can occur with or without light

11. 1: Carbon Fixation The joining of CO 2 with other organic molecules is called carbon fixation. The joining of CO 2 with other organic molecules is called carbon fixation. Step 1 6 CO 2 combine with 6, 5 carbon compounds which are split to form 12 (3-PGA) 6 CO 2 combine with 6, 5 carbon compounds which are split to form 12 (3-PGA)

12. 2: Transfer of Energy 12 ATP and 12 NADPH transfer their energy to the 12 3-PGA to form 12 high energy molecules called G3P 12 ATP and 12 NADPH transfer their energy to the 12 3-PGA to form 12 high energy molecules called G3P

13. 3: Sugar Production 2 of the G3P molecules will leave the cycle to form a glucose molecule or another organic molecule. 2 of the G3P molecules will leave the cycle to form a glucose molecule or another organic molecule.

14. 4: Rubisco Rubisco is an enzyme that converts the remaining 10 G3P molecules into 6, 5 carbon molecules called ribulose (RuBP) Rubisco is an enzyme that converts the remaining 10 G3P molecules into 6, 5 carbon molecules called ribulose (RuBP)

16. C 4 Plants C 4 Plants can conserve water loss. C 4 Plants can conserve water loss. The C 4 pathway plants fix CO 2 into a four carbon compound in the Calvin cycle instead of a 3 carbon molecule. The C 4 pathway plants fix CO 2 into a four carbon compound in the Calvin cycle instead of a 3 carbon molecule. This molecule releases CO 2 acting as a delivery system This molecule releases CO 2 acting as a delivery system This allows these plants to keep their stomata (plant cell pores) closed on hot days This allows these plants to keep their stomata (plant cell pores) closed on hot days

17. C 4 Plants

18. CAM Plants In water conserving plants like cacti CO 2 is taken in at night and bonded to an organic substance so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle without having to open their stomata In water conserving plants like cacti CO 2 is taken in at night and bonded to an organic substance so it can be used in the Calvin Cycle without having to open their stomata

19. Chemosynthesis Process in which an autotroph obtains energy from inorganic compounds instead of Light. Process in which an autotroph obtains energy from inorganic compounds instead of Light. Example deep ocean Hydro-thermal vents supporting life on sulfur and decomposing bacteria Example deep ocean Hydro-thermal vents supporting life on sulfur and decomposing bacteria