1. Light Refraction of Light

2. Learning Objectives You will learn to recall and use the terms used in refraction, including normal, angle of incidence and angle of refraction. recall and apply the relationship sin i/sin r = constant to new situations or to solve related problems. understand relative refractive index and absolute refractive index. explain refraction by means of a change in speed of light in different optical media. explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection. identify the main ideas in total internal reflection and apply them to the use of optical fibres in telecommunication and state the advantages of their use.

3. Definition: The change in direction, or bending of light when it passes from one medium to another medium of different optical density. Do you notice something interesting about this picture? Refraction

4. Incident ray is the light ray in 1st medium (air) Refracted ray is the light ray in the 2nd medium (glass) Normal is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface Angle of incidence, i is the angle between the incident ray & the normal Angle of refraction, r is the angle between the refracted ray & the normal Optical density of a material is the ability of a material to allow light to pass through it air (less dense) glass (denser) i r refraction of light

5. Example:  i will be greater than  r  When a ray of light enters a denser medium, it bends TOWARDS the normal.  When a ray of light enters a less dense medium, it bends AWAY from the normal. (a) From less dense TO denser medium: glass (denser) air (less dense) incident ray refracted ray i r normal original path of light ray  r will be greater than  i (b) From denser TO less dense medium: original path of light ray glass (denser) air (less dense) incident ray refracted ray i r normal refraction of light

6. r is greater than i r is lesser than i Ray of light bends towards the normal when it enters a denser medium at an angle Ray of light bends away from the normal when it enters a less dense medium at an angle

7. During refraction, light bends first on passing from air to glass and again on passing from the glass to the air. 1.When light moves from air to glass (a denser material), it slows down and is refracted towards the normal. 2.When light moves from glass to air (a less dense material), it speeds up and is refracted away from the normal. refraction of light

8. Try this…. Complete the following diagrams to show the path of light rays through the glass blocks air glass air glass air glass air glass air (a) (b) (c) (d) refraction of light

9. Laws of Refraction First Law: The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie on the same plane. Second Law: For 2 given media, the ratio sin i / sin r is a constant, where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction. (This is also known as Snell’s Law). n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2

10. Reflection vs Refraction ReflectionRefraction Needs only 1 mediumNeeds 2 media i = r sin i/sin r = constant 2 Laws of Reflection2 Laws of Refraction

11. Refractive Index of Materials MediumRefractive Index (n) Vacuum1.00 Air1.003 Water1.33 Ethanol1.36 Glycerine1.47 Crown Glass1.52 Quartz1.54 Flint Glass1.61 Diamond2.42

12. Relative Refractive Index The relative refractive index is the ratio of the absolute refractive index of one material compared to that of another, for example from water to glass. Absolute Refractive Index The absolute refractive index is the ratio compared with the refractive index of a vacuum. (n for a vacuum = 1.00) n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2

13. Example A light ray strikes an air/water surface at an angle of 46° with respect to the normal. The refractive index for water is 1.33. Find the angle of refraction when the direction of the ray is (a) from air to water and (b) from water to air. (a)The incident ray is in the air, so θ 1 = 46° and n 1 = 1.00. The refracted ray is in water, so n 2 = 1.33. Snell’s law can be used to find the angle of refraction θ 2 : sinθ 2 = (n 1 sinθ 1 )/n 2 = (1.00 x sin46°)/1.33 = 0.54 θ 2 = sin -1 0.54 = 33° (b) With the incident ray in the water, we find that sinθ 2 = (n 1 sinθ 1 )/n 2 = (1.33 x sin46°)/1.00 = 0.96 θ 2 = sin -1 0.96 = 74°

14. Therefore, for the case where the light ray is passing from vacuum into a given medium, we could simplify our equation to: n = sin i / sin r. For the case where the light ray is passing from a given medium to vacuum, we could simplify our equation to: n = sin r / sin i.

15. Example A ray of light is travelling from water (n = 1.33) to glass (n = 1.52) with an incident angle of 45.0°. Calculate the angle of refraction when the ray of light enters the glass slab. n 1 sinθ 1 = n 2 sinθ 2 1.33 x sin 45.0° = 1.52 x sin θ 2 sin θ 2 = (1.33 x sin 45.0°) / 1.52 θ 2 = 38.2°

16. Refractive Index (n) of a Medium: where i: angle of incidence (in less dense medium) r: angle of refraction (in denser medium) c: speed of light in vacuum (=3x10 8 m/s) v: speed of light in medium n = sin i / sin r = c / v

17. Example If the speed of light in air is 3.0 x 10 8 ms -1, find the speed of light in diamond (refractive index of diamond = 2.42) n = c/v 2.42 = 3.0 x 10 8 / v v = 3.0 x 10 8 / 2.42 = 1.24 x 10 8 ms -1

18. To an observer standing at the side of a swimming pool, objects under the water appear to be nearer the surface than they really are. A similar effect can be seen when "looking through" glass or any other transparent substance. n = real depth / apparent depth.

19. An object seen in the water will usually appear to be at a different depth than it actually is, this is due to the refraction of light rays as they travel from the water into the air. The first diagram shows that the observer ‘perceives’ that the chest appear to be closer to the surface than it really is. Refraction - Effects of Refraction Apparent depth

20. Effects of Refraction In the diagram, refraction causes point A to appear nearer to the surface at B. So to the eyes, the straw appears to bend towards the surface of the water. eye sees the virtual image of the stick shallower than it actually is

21. Total Internal Reflection What happens when light passes from an optically denser medium to an optically less dense medium?

22. The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the optically less dense medium is 90°.

23. Total internal reflection is an optical phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary, no light can pass through and all of the light is reflected.

24. For total internal reflection to occur, the following conditions must be satisfied: 1)The light ray must travel from an optically denser medium towards an optically less dense medium. 2)The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.

25. Critical Angle & Refractive Index Consider a light ray going from a denser medium to a less dense medium (i.e. from glass to air). When angle of refraction is 90°, the angle of incidence is known as the critical angle. n = sin r / sin i = sin 90° / sin c = 1 / sin c sin c = 1 / n

26. Example A right-angled prism (one of the angles of the prism is 90°) is made of glass of refractive index 1.5. A ray of light enters the prism. Calculate the critical angle of the prism. Using sin c = 1/n = 1/1.5 = 2/3 c = sin -1 (2/3) = 41.8°

27. The Optical Fibres An optical or fibre is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber- optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, they are also immune to electromagnetic interference and data security issues.

28. How optical fibre works Light is kept in the core of the optical fiber by total internal reflection. This causes the fiber to act as a waveguide.

29. The core is optically more dense than the cladding. The light ray will undergo total internal reflection as it strikes the interface between the core and cladding as the incident ray has exceeded the critical angle.

30. References: http://www.photo.school.nz/lenses/bent_spoon.jpg http://media.tiscali.co.uk/images/feeds/hutchinson/ency/dept0001.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/73/1573-004-4FEB1C43.gif http://www.optics4kids.com/terms/images/rightangleprism.gif http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Phys_p028.shtml http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_m ydas_.jpghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Total_internal_reflection_of_Chelonia_m ydas_.jpg http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/index.php?dir=e%2Fec%2F http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scidemos/LightOptics/FishTankTIR/FishTankTIR.ht mlhttp://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scidemos/LightOptics/FishTankTIR/FishTankTIR.ht ml http://www.bd-associates.net/product/fiber.htm http://laser.physics.sunysb.edu/~wise/wise187/2001/reports/andrea/report.html