1. FAB 2 MAS 960 Special Topics: How To Make Something That Makes (almost) Anything jacobson@media.mit.edu 1.Air inlets 2.Crushers 3.Ganglion 4.Multiple Visual sensors 5.Muscles 6.Pincers 7.Sensory receptors 8.Stridulatory pegs 9.Wings Avogadro Scale Engineering ~Achieving the Limits of Fabricational Complexity~

2. Simple molecules <1nm IBM PowerPC 750 TM Microprocessor 7.56mm×8.799mm 6.35×10 6 transistors Semiconductor Nanocrystal ~1 nm 10 -10 10 -5 10 -9 10 -7 10 -6 10 -8 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 m Circuit design Copper wiring width 0.1  m red blood cell ~5  m (SEM) DNA proteins nm bacteria 1  m Nanotube Transistor (Dekker) Complexity vs. Size SOI transistor width 0.12  m diatom 30  m

3. Error Correcting Fabrication Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures Fault Tolerant Software or Codes Quantum Phase Space Resources which increase the complexity of a system exponentially with a linear addition of resources Resources for Exponential Scaling

4. n MAJ p p p p p p p p p k Threshold Theorem - Winograd and Cowan 1963 A circuit containing N error-free gates can be simulated with probability of failure ε using O(N ⋅ poly(log(N/ε))) error-prone gates which fail with probability p, provided p < pth, where pth is a constant threshold independent of N. Number of gates consumed: Find k such that Number of Gates Consumed Per Perfect Gate is

5. Caruthers Synthesis DNA Synthesis http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf /services/catalog99.pdf Error Rate: 1: 10 2 300 Seconds Per step

6. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html 1.Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease Error Rate: 1: 10 6 100 Steps per second

7. Fabricational Complexity F fab = ln (W) / [ a 3  fab E fab ] F fab = ln (M)  -1 / [ a 3  fab E fab ] Total Complexity Complexity Per Unit Volume Complexity Per Unit Time*Energy Complexity Per unit Cost

8. …Can we use this map as a guide towards future directions in fabrication ? Fabricational Complexity

9. A AG GTC ATACGT … AGTAGC … Total Complexity: Complexity Per Unit Cost: For given complexity n*: Where C is cost per step

10. Fabricational Complexity Non Error Correcting: Triply Error Correcting: AGTC AGTC AGTC AGTC P = 0.9 np n = 300 n P = 0.85

11. http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/microbial/image3.html [Nature Biotechnology 18, 85-90 (January 2000)] Uniformed Services University of the Health Deinococcus radiodurans (3.2 Mb, 4-10 Copies of Genome ) D. radiodurans: 1.7 Million Rads (17kGy) – 200 DS breaks E. coli:25 Thousand Rads – 2 or 3 DS breaks

12. D. radiodurans 1.75 million rads, 24 h D. radiodurans 1.75 million rads, 0 h photos provided by David Schwartz (University of Wisconsin, Madison)]

13. Autonomous self replicating machines from random building blocks

17. Caruthers Synthesis DNA Synthesis http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf /services/catalog99.pdf Error Rate: 1: 10 2 300 Seconds Per step

18. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html 1.Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease Error Rate: 1: 10 6 100 Steps per second

19. Fabrication Procedure of LTPS-TFT Array for AMOLED Backplane http://www.sdtech.co.kr/device3.html

20. Laser CVD Repair

21. http://www.sfk.com/en/packaging/pick__place/