1. CONNECTIVE TISSUES Areolar White fibrous Yellow elastic Cartilage Bone
Blood

2. Connective tissue binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, stores fat, and forms blood cells
They provide source cells for muscles and skeletal cells in animals that can regenerate lost parts
Connective tissue cells are separated widely by a matrix, which is a non-cellular material that varies in consistency from solid to semi-fluid to fluid
(a) Loose Fibrous
(b) Dense fibrous
- The cells of Loose fibrous and Dense Fibrous connective tissues are called fibroblast and are located some distance from one another and separated by a jelly-like matrix that contain white collagen fiber and yellow elastic fibers

3. Connective tissue types differ in microscopic appearance, but all consists of cells, fibres and ground substance
The types and subtypes are classified according to the amounts, types, and proportion of these components
2 Types of Fibers
Collagen: provide flexibility and strength
Elastic: provide elasticity
Loose fibrous connective tissue
- supports epithelium and also many internal vertebrate organs
- It forms protective covering enclosing many internal organs such as muscles, blood vessels and nerves

4. Loose fibrous connective tissue
Elastic fiber
Collagen fiber
fibroblast

5. (b) Dense fibrous connective tissue
contains many collagenous fibers that are packed closely together
Has more specific functions in vertebrates than loose connective tissue
Found in tendon which connect muscles to bones, and in ligaments, which connect bones to other bones at joints

6. Dense fibrous connective tissue

7. Adipose tissue
insulates the body and provides padding because the fibroblasts enlarge and store fat
In mammals, adipose tissue is found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, and on the surface of the heart
Reticular connective tissue
found in the lymph nodes, the spleen, and the bone marrow

8. Adipose tissue

9. Several connective tissue are found in the human body
Each of these consists of specialized cells imbedded/ surrounded by an intercellular matrix
Cells produce this matrix which forms a basis of non living material in which the cells are scattered
Supporting connective tissue is used to give strength, support, and protection to the soft parts of the body
Cartilage and bone are two kinds of supporting connective tissue found in man
The matrix in cartilage is a protein-polysaccharide mixture, called chondrin

10. Areolar
Structure
Tissue is loosely connected and consists of fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, fat cells, white cells and elastic fibres in a matrix
Location
All over the human body
Function
Connects the layer of the skin and stores fat and supports and protects the organs and muscles
Prevents blood clotting
-Adipose tissue consists of fat deposits that form a layer in the dermis of the skin, which helps to insulate th body against heat loss
-Blubber in whales and seals consists of many layers of adipose tissue

13. (2) White fibrous
Structure
The tissue has bundles of collagen fibres to strengthen it and make it flexible
Location
The discs between the vertebrae and in all ball-and socket joints, like in the hips and shoulders
Functions
Acts as a shock absorber in the vertebrae of the spine and makes the sockets of joints deeper to prevent the bones from dislocating
Tendons connect muscle to bones

14. White fibrous

15. (3) Yellow elastic
Structure
This cartilage has collagen fibres and yellow elastic fibres in its matrix and is strong, flexible and tightly packed
Location
The pinna of the ear, the epiglottis and in all ligaments
Functions
Give shape to the pinna of the ear
Give strength and support to the epiglottis
Ligaments attach bone to bone and prevent bones from moving out of place

16. (4) Cartilage
Structure
Cartilage tissue contains living cells called chondrocytes and live in little spaces called lacunae
The chondrocytes produce a strong, flexible see-through matrix
Location
The end of the nose, the C-shaped cartilage rings around the trachea in the throat, the connection of the ribs to the sternum (breast bone) and the ends of bones joints
Functions
Cartilage reduces friction in the joints of bones
It attaches bones to other bones
It keeps the trachea open so that we can breath freely

17. Hyaline cartilage
matrix
Cell within a lacuna

18. BONES
Bone is rigid, strong, hard connective tissue that is the supporting structure for the rest of the body
It forms an endoskeleton in mammals
2 Types of Bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone: cells in concentric rings, occur in bones of skeleton
The cavity inside the bone is lined by the endosteum
The outside of the bone is covered by the periosteum

19. (4) Bones
Structure
Bone cells are called osteocytes and live in cavities called lacunae
Layers called lamellae form around the osteocytes
Between the lamellae are tiny canals called canaliculi that link the osteocytes to each other
In the centre of bone tissue is the Haversian canal, which contains an artery, vein and a nerve
Location
Osteocytes form bones
Bones make up skeleton
Functions
Bones support and protect internal organs
Serve as an attachment for muscles and help us to move
The bone marrow of long bones produces red and white blood cells

21. compact bone

22. Spongy bone

23. Blood
Blood is fluid connective tissue
Adult humans have about 5.5 litres of blood flowing through their blood vessels
Blood consists of plasma (the watery part) and haemocrit (the cells)
Blood transports substances to and from the cells

24. (5) Blood
Structure
Plasma is a straw coloured liquid that consists of 90% water
Functions
Substances like nutrients, wastes, inorganic salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide, plasma proteins, hormones, antibodies and enzymes are transported in the plasma
Plasma helps to control the body temperature
Haemocrit consists of three types of cells
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Blood platelets

25. Blood cells Red blood cells (corpuscles/erythrocytes) Structure
Cells are red in colour, have a biconcave shape and no nucleus
Contain haemoglobin
Iron is needed to make the haemoglobin and vitamin B12 to produce red blood cells
They are produced by the red bone marrow and live for 120 days
The liver and spleen break down the blood cells
Functions
Haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to all the cells as oxyhaemoglobin and helps to regulate the pH of the blood

27. (2) White blood cells (leucocytes)
Structure
Cells are colourless, have an irregular shape and have a nucleus
Are produced in the red bone marrow and live for 21 days
Functions
Leucocytes are able to “swallow” germs by a process called phagocytosis because they are able to change shape
They produce antibodies, which destroy germs

28. (3) Blood platelets (thrombocytes)
Structure
Are small discs, have no nucleus and are more like cell fragments which like to stick together
Contain fibrinogen that helps to clot the blood
Are produced by red bone marrow and live for 10n days
Functions
Block up small holes in blood vessels to stop bleeding
Form blood clots by changing the fibrinogen into fibrin threads