1. ARE 381E/ CE 381E/ ARE377K Design of Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings Dr. Jeffrey SiegelECJ 5.302 Office Hours: Tuesday, Thursday 2 – 3:30 pm

2. Why health and efficiency? Sick-building syndrome and other IAQ problems are widespread Often difficult (or impossible) to diagnose Buildings represent ~40% of total energy use Trend is increasing Currently not sustainable

3. Objectives Identify key parameters that make a building healthy and/or efficient Model ventilation and air flow in buildings Calculate moisture transport in buildings Critically analyze claims about energy efficiency Conduct a constructive and effective design critique Research and use technical resources to solve design problems

4. Website I am not using Blackboard this semester. Instead, I have made a “home-brewed” website. Easier and faster for you to use System downtime will be less of an issue More flexible Posting articles Lecture notes (24 hours before class)

5. Optional Textbooks ASHRAE Fundamentals (SI or IP) Very cheap to student members (~$65 including membership). Also available on CD. Technical, hard-to-read, great reference Moisture Control Handbook Easy to read, complete (but no equations), excellent for understanding material

6. Lecture/Discussion Topics Introduction and motivation2 wk Ventilation, mass balances, IAQ4 wks Moisture transport and problems3 wks Energy efficient design and operation4 wks 13 wks Guest speakers + field trips, design critique, class wrap-up

7. DateTopic 1/17,1/19 Course introduction and motivation, Project 1/24 Guest Lecture – Dr. Corsi “Healthy buildings” 1/26 Project discussion, tools of the trade 1/31 Guest Lecture – Dr. Nazaroff “Energy for a climate-constrained world” 2/2 Indoor air quality impacts of ventilation/infiltration 2/7,2/9 Energy impacts of ventilation 2/14,2/16,2/21 Measurement of air flows in buildings 2/23,2/28 Ventilation analysis 3/2,3/7 Moisture problems intro and 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics 3/9,3/21 Moisture transport in buildings 3/23,3/28 Climate-based strategies to avoid moisture problems 3/30 Introduction to energy efficient buildings 4/4,4/6 Technology-based efficiency, renewables 4/11,4/13 Regulated efficiency, voluntary efficiency 4/18, 4/20 LEED 4/25,4/27 Project presentations 5/2,5/4 Efficient and healthy buildings – together at last

8. Grading Oral Exam15% Software Mini-Project20% Final Project60% Participation 5% 100%

9. Immediate Issue Too many students in the class No grader/TA support No homework, but… Project(s) are a central part of your grade Largely self-motivated, self-taught If you are not committed to working hard on the projects and to the class material Don’t take the class

10. Participation Coming to class (on time) Participating in discussion/class extras Meeting deadlines Respect for other students

11. Software Mini-Project Use one of three software packages to design an energy efficient or healthy building or component Energy-10 CONTAM WUFI Different complexities/prerequisites/depth Approximately 30 hours

12. Oral Exam Graduate students – prepare for qualifying exams/dissertation defense Everybody – prepare for job interviews/workforce Gain more confidence about mastery of technical material Week of 4/10 – 4/14 Details to follow

13. Final Project Major open-ended design effort based on themes of the class Work in pairs (~200 person-hours) Deliverables: Interim pieces (Justification, Literature Review, etc.) Technical reviews of two other projects Response to critiques of your own project Oral presentation Short (~6 pages) professionally-written document

14. Characteristics of Healthy, Comfortable, and Efficient Buildings ComfortableEfficientHealthy

15. Who is the person most responsible for your health?

16. What about building professionals? Design engineers, operating engineers, architects, construction workers What influences health in buildings? Air quality Lighting Thermal comfort Change with time, individual based Absolute or perception based?

17. References http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/hpguide.html ASHRAE Comfort Zone NAAQS ASHRAE standard 62.2

18. Efficiency Is building energy use important? Does building energy represent a significant cost? How large is the environmental impact of buildings?

19. http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/emissns.html SO 2 NO 2

20. Impact of ECJ 1.2 × 10 5 ft 2 floor area 8 W/ ft 2 electrical use (assumed) 3.5 × 10 3 hours of operation per year (assumed) 3.4 × 10 6 kWh/yr electrical energy use If electricity came from Austin Energy 1/3 each nuclear, coal, natural gas 2200 tons CO 2 /year 11 tons SO 2 /year, 8.5 tons/ NO x /year

21. Source: DOE

22. Commercial Building Costs

23. So where does that leave us? We will focus on three topics Ventilation Moisture problems Energy efficiency

24. Ventilation Ventilation is important because it 1.Affects comfort and productivity 2.Dramatically affects indoor air quality 3.Uses a lot of energy

25. Cost of Poor IAQ/Ventilation ¾ trillion dollars 20-year value Dorgan et al. (1998) ASHRAE Transactions 37-208 billion annual savings Fisk (2002) ASHRAE Journal Improved ventilation in a manufacturing facility led to reduced sick days Milton et al. (2000) Indoor Air Increased ventilation led to slight increase (5%) in productivity Wargocki et al. (2000) Indoor Air

27. Source: DOE Cooking Cooling Heating Lighting Office Equipment Other Refrigeration Ventilation Water Heating

28. Ventilation Sherman, M., and Matson, N., 1995. LBNL-39036

29. Moisture Problems “Water is the universal solvent” “Flat roofs are an affront to god” Humidity Cause of many comfort complaints Required for mold growth Related to many IAQ problems Significant energy expenditure

30. Mold 2000-2001, over 44,000 mold claims in Texas Over 1 billion in costs to insurance companies Number of mold remediation companies is two orders of magnitude higher than in 1994 “Mold for Gold” seminars No change in building codes in Texas to address mold Katrina remediation

31. Building Energy Efficiency Untapped resource CA energy crisis Cheaper than any form of electricity generation Technologically far behind Europe Lack of regulation US population sees trade-off between energy efficiency and comfort

35. This semester will be spent exploring these themes Understanding failures Evaluating innovative ideas Examining buildings in a different way

36. Lessons from last year Workload More guidance on final project Literature review, Experimental plan, more assistance with topic selection More tools Mini-project, project review reconfiguration ExcessiveHighAverageLightInsufficient 05800

37. Feedback “When I started here at SGH I was working on a wide range of project types, but a few months ago the focus of a great deal of my work became Building Science. I have become intimate with programs like WUFI, HEAT 3D and 2D and THERM and applying these tools to reports has been really exciting. I spent a month in SGH's Boston office to working directly under some of the guys up there that have already developed a strong Building Science group. I was able to work with a Natatorium and a few Museums, primarily the Davis Museum at Wellesley College, which was a mess of a building. Now I am back in SF and to help develop a Building Science Group for our SF office with a few other people with similar experiences.” Peter Coats B.S ARE ‘03