1. PARAMETRIC X-RAYS: READY FOR APPLICATION IX Gomel School - July 2007 Alexander LOBKO Institute for Nuclear Problems, Belarus State University Minsk

2. 2 Light sources http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000166 nano- science

3. 3 Spectral brilliance of T- & x-ray sources There is a large gap between properties of common and accelerator-based x-ray sources X-rays: The First Hundred Years // Wiley 1996

4. 4 Typical size of a contemporary synchrotron

5. 5 Budget of the SOLEIL synchrotron (France) Construction Investment…………….235 M€ Operation………………..64 M€ Salaries………………….150 M€ Total………………………….449 M€ Yearly………………………...53 M€ www.synchrotron-soleil.fr

6. 6 Synchrotron sources in the world About 40 sources in 20 countries USA8 Germany5 Japan5 China3 France3 UK2 Russia1 http://www-als.lbl.gov/als/synchrotron_sources.html

7. 7 Comparison of some x-ray generation processes at accelerators Type of radiationYield, photon/e Е, MeV BR1.2*(-8)500 CBR1.7*(-7)0.20.2 SR1.2*(-5)3 *(+3) TR1.0*(-9)125 RR1.6*(-7)50 PXR1.3*(-5)50 V.G. Baryshevsky, I.D. Feranchuk // NIM 228 (1985) 490

8. 8 Parametric x-rays (PXR) V. Baryshevsky, I. Feranchuk, A. Ulyanenkov Parametric X–ray Radiation in Crystals: Theory, Experiment and Applications // Springer, 2006. – 176 p. Condition for the Cherenkov radiation emission

9. 9 PXR experiments in the World Armenia – Erevan ErPI LINAC Belarus – INP in collaborations with Tomsk & IHEP Protvino & Mainz, own experiments with non- relativistic electrons Canada – Saskatchevan Accelerator Lab LINAC Germany – Darmstadt S_DALINAC, Mainz MAMI Microtron, Rossendorf ELBE LINAC Japan – Tokyo U. Synchrotron, Tohoku U. LINAC, Hiroshima U. LINAC, Kamigori Spring-8 Synchrotron, Kyoto U. LINAC, Hokkaido U. LINAC, Nihon U. LINAC Russia – Tomsk SIRIUS Synchrotron, Dubna JINR Nuclotron, Belgorod U. in collaborations Ukraine – Kharkov KPTI LINACs USA – RPI LINAC, BNL Accelerator Facility LINAC, Naval Postgraduate School LINAC

10. 10 Main PXR features it is quasi-monochromatic x-ray radiation x-rays energy can be changed continuously by the crystal target rotation it is directed and polarized x-ray radiation x-rays energy does not depend on energy of incident charged particles radiation angle can be as large as 180 arc degrees

11. 11 Applications of synchrotron radiation

12. 12 Soft X-Ray Imaging Methods: Soft x-ray imaging, photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), scanning transmission x-ray microscopy (STXM), full-field microscopy, x-ray diffraction imaging (XDI), x-ray tomography, computer-aided tomography (CAT). Problems: Cell biology Nano-magnetism Environmental science Soft matter, polymers The tunability of radiation is absolutely essential for the creation of contrast mechanisms.

13. 13 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy Methods: Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, soft x- ray emission spectroscopy (SXES), resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS), x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), x-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), Auger spectroscopy. Problems: Complex materials Magnetic materials Environmental science Catalysis The photon energy tunability and its brilliance and polarisation for some applications are essential.

14. 14 Soft X-Ray Scattering Methods: Soft x-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES), inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS), resonant x-ray inelastic scattering (RIXS), speckle patterns, small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). Problems: Strongly correlated materials Magnetic materials Environmental science Catalysis The tunability of radiation and its brilliance for some applications are essential.

15. 15 Practical examples of PXR applications Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA Nihon University, Japan EXAFS enhanced contrast images

16. 16 PXR source based on the tabletop synchrotron Photon Production Laboratory Japan

17. 17 First observation of parametric rays in the microwave range exiting (slow-wave) grating step – 0,67 мм diffraction (feedback) grating step – 3 мм NIM A 483 (2002) 21–23; NIM A 507 (2003) 137–140

18. 18 Possible T-rays applications http://www.lightsources.org/cms/?pid=1000680

19. 19 Thank you for attention