1. A Paradigm Shift in Policing – From Law Enforcement to CyberPolicing Nimrod Kozlovski PORTIA Project CS, Yale University April 2005

3. Examples of crimes and reactions Credit card fraud Child pornography Copyright piracy DDos (offline analogy?)

4. The Law Enforcement Model Deterring from committing a crime Reacting to a committed crime Investigation Prosecution and punishment Public police force

5. Do we follow the Law Enforcement Model online? Credit card fraud (predictive patterns, anomaly detection, profiling) Child pornography (sting operation) Copyright piracy (DRM, fingerprinting – crime prevention through design) DDos (IDS/IPS, Honeypot)

6. Why the Law Enforcement Model is not being followed online? Invalid assumptions (in the online world) Deterrence (Gain<Punishment*enforcement probability) Expected gain – cost of crime, expected gain Punishment expectancy (playing the jurisdiction) Enforcement probability Ability to investigate and prosecute Magnitude of crime Social preference for a preventive system Cost Privacy implications Prevention of lawful activity Private entities’ choice

7. Policing Strategy Law Enforcement Reactive Evidence based investigation Law as primary regulator Discretionary enforcement Deferred judicial sanction Passive victim Criminal focused Cyberpolicing Proactive tactics Intelligence focused Regulation through Code Automated, non discretionary Present non-judicial sanctions Active victim Intermediaries focused

8. Organizational Structure Law enforcement Public officials Central command Territorial Limits on delegation of policing power Limitations on individual’s use of force Cyberpolicing Multiplex organizational structures Decentralized Non territorial, internationalized Delegation of policing functions Empowerment of the individual (self help)

9. Should we care? The failure of the current legal system to control cyberpolicing Public officials focused Reactive model focused Unaccountable policing Setting the rules Policing policies Actual enforcement Designing for accountability Technological, legal, institutional mechanisms