1. The Effects of the Civil War…

2. …on Soldiers  Battles were typically noisy, chaotic, and bloody. Old-style tactics, like large frontal assaults, led to thousands being killed.  Conditions in field hospitals were awful. Poor sanitation led to many wounds becoming infected. Amputations, often without anesthesia, were common.  In camp, soldiers practiced marching and drills, but also had hours of free time.  Music was important. Soldiers sang patriotic songs before battle, but also song that reminded them of home.

3. …on African-Americans  The 54 th Regiment was formed after the Emancipation Proclamation. At the Battle of Fort Wagner more than 40% of the regiment died, but they fought valiantly and helped win popular support of black soldiers.  White soldiers earned $13 a month while African-American soldiers earned $10 a month. Some regiments refused any pay.  Many black soldiers who were captured during battles in the South were often enslaved or executed rather than imprisoned like white soldiers.  In the end, about 196,000 African American soldiers fought in the Civil War.

4. …on Women  Women in the North worked in textile mills and garment factories making uniforms. They also worked in government jobs like the postal service.  Women in the South worked at home making uniforms. They also worked in dangerous munitions factories, where accidents were common.  Clara Barton was a nurse who cared for hundreds of wounded soldiers.  Rose Greenhow was the most famous Confederate spy. She used her contacts to learn about Union troops movements.