1. Structure of the nervous system
Neuroanatomy

2. Brain
~1.3 – 1.4 kg
Men > Women

3. Some free brain atlases (apps and websites):
BrainView:
Brain tutor 3D:
3D brain:

4. Central vs. Peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain (in the skull)
Spinal Cord (in the spine)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Located outside of the skull and spine
Serves to bring information into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS

5. Brain size by age & gender
Alzheimer

6. Brain size by age & gender
Alzheimer

9. Superior (dorsal) view Inferior (ventral) view
Dorsal = Top
Ventral = Bottom

10. Lateral
view
Medial
view

11. Posterior/
Caudal
Anterior/
rostral

12. Directions in the Nervous System
Anterior/Rostral = Front
Posterior/Caudal = Back
Dorsal = Top
Ventral = Bottom
Lateral = Toward the Side
Medial = Toward the Middle
Ipsilateral = Same Side
Contralateral = Opposite Side

13. Cross sections of the brain

14. Grey matter
White matter
Grey matter
White matter

15. Brain Slices and Planes
Cross Section or Frontal Section (also called coronal)
Transverse section at right angles to the neuraxis.
Horizontal Section (also called axial)
Section made through the brain parallel to the ground.
Sagittal Section
Section parallel to neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground.
Midsagittal Plane – special type of sagittal section through the corpus callosum separating the hemispheres.

16. Grey vs. White matter
frontal section
horizontal section
ventricles
White matter
Grey matter
Grey matter: neuron and glia cell bodies (between 1 – 4mm thick)
White matter: axons

17. sulcus
gyrus
Total surface area of the cerebral cortex = 2,500 cm2 (mostly buried inside sulci)

18. Owl monkey

19. Comparative Neuroanatomy
The complexity of sulci increased throughout evolution
Source: Comparative Mammalian Brain Collection

20. Cerebral Cortex
Two Hemispheres

21. Two Hemispheres (lateral view)
posterior
anterior
anterior
posterior
Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere
Cerebellum
Cerebellum

22. Defining the lobes Lateral View central (rolandic) sulcus frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital
lobe
temporal lobe
sylvyan (lateral) sulcus

23. Two hemispheres Medial view Lateral view Cerebellum Corpus Callosum
posterior
anterior
anterior
posterior
Cerebellum
Corpus Callosum
Brain stem
Cerebellum

24. Defining the lobes Medial View Frontal Parietal Cingulate gyrus
Occipital
Temporal

25. 03-10b
Cytoarchitecture
Broadman’s areas
Lateral

26. 03-10c
Cytoarchitecture
Broadman’s areas
medial

27. Grey vs. White matter
frontal section
horizontal section
ventricles
White matter
Grey matter
Grey matter: neuron and glia cell bodies (between 1 – 4mm thick)
White matter: axons

28. Ventricular System and Production of CSF
Ventricles – a set of holes within the brain filled with CSF (cerebro spinal fluid). These include:
Lateral Ventricles
Third Ventricles
Cerebral Aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
Choroid Plexus – manufactures CSF.

29. Four Ventricles Two laterals Third Fourth the brain "floats" in it.
Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CSF - surrounds the brain
the brain "floats" in it.
a "cushion" or buffer for the brain

32. Summary
Directions
Slices
Grey/White matter
Sulci & Gyri
Cerebral cortex has two symmetrical hemispheres divided to 4 lobes (each!)
The lobes are further subdivided by cytoarchitectonic features
The ventricular system