1. What brain regions make up the brain stem?
The hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the pons
The diencephalon and the mesencephalon
The mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
The pons, the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
Answer: 3

2. Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?
Prosencephalon
Rhombencephalon
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Answer: 2

3. In what way(s) is the cranial dura mater structurally distinct from the spinal dura mater?
It is formed of two layers.
Some portions extend into the cranial cavity as dural folds.
It contains dural sinuses.
All of these are differences from spinal dura mater.
Answer: 4

4. What are potential consequences of blockage of an interventricular foramen?
Hugely expanded skulls in infants
Brainstem stroke
Damage to and distortion of brain in adults
1 and 3 are correct
Answer: 4

5. Volume would remain the same. Volume would fluctuate erratically.
How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles?
Volume would increase.
Volume would decrease.
Volume would remain the same.
Volume would fluctuate erratically.
Answer: 1

6. Blood pressure increases in brain capillaries.
Many water-soluble molecules that are relatively abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid in the brain. Why?
Blood pressure increases in brain capillaries.
Blood−brain barrier restricts ion movement.
Neurons take up most ions.
Neuroglia remove ions from CSF.
Answer: 2

7. Why can damage to the medulla oblongata cause death?
It contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers.
It controls the ANS.
It contains tracts that process information to and from the cerebellum.
It contains the headquarters for the reticular activating system.
Answer: 1

8. Which nuclei in the medulla oblongata are responsible for relaying somatic sensory information to the thalamus?
Nuclei of superior and inferior colliculi
Nuclei of cranial nerves VIII–XII
The nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus
The solitary nucleus and olivary nucleus
Answer: 3

9. Which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pons?
VII, IX, and X
III, IV, and VI
V, VI, VII, and VIII
IX, X, XI, and XII
Answer: 3

10. Which of the cerebellar peduncles allows communication between the cerebellum and pons?
Transverse cerebellar peduncles
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
Superior cerebellar peduncles
Answer: 2

11. What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Controls reflexive movements of the eyes in response to visual stimuli
Provides awareness of emotional states
Coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions
Coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium
Answer: 4

12. Which component of the diencephalon is responsible for integration of the nervous and endocrine systems?
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Mamillary bodies
Answer: 3

13. Reflex movements of the eyes, head and neck are controlled by which area of the mesencephalon?
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus
Inferior colliculi
Superior colliculi
Answer: 4

14. Damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which of the senses?
Taste
Sight
Touch
Smell
Answer: 2

15. Tuberal area of the hypothalamus Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Which area of the diencephalon would be stimulated by changes in body temperature?
Tuberal area of the hypothalamus
Anterior nuclei of the thalamus
Preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Intermediate mass of the thalamus
Answer: 3

16. Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of the autonomic nervous system?
Peripheral
Somatic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Answer: 4

17. Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system?
Establishing emotional states
Linking the conscious, intellectual function of the cerebral cortex with unconscious, autonomic functions of the brain stem
Facilitating memory storage and retrieval
Directing somatic motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure, and pain
Answer: 4

18. Projection fibers; diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
What name is given to axons carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, and through which brain regions do they pass?
Projection fibers; diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
Commissural; both cerebral hemispheres
Association fibers; diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum
Arcuate fibers; within a single cerebral hemisphere
Answer: 1

19. What symptoms would you expect to observe in an individual who has damage to the basal nuclei?
Mental slowness and inability to perceive meaning from written symbols
Conscious perception of touch and erratic muscle contractions
Epileptic seizures
Difficulty starting voluntary movements and decreased muscle tone
Answer: 4

20. Parieto-occipital sulcus/control over involuntary movements
A patient suffers a head injury that damages her primary motor cortex. Where is the primary motor cortex and what functions will be lost due to the injury?
Parieto-occipital sulcus/control over involuntary movements
Postcentral gyrus/voluntary movements controlled by the specific regions damaged
Precentral gyrus/voluntary movements controlled by the specific regions damaged
Insula/ability to categorize items
Answer: 3

21. Olfactory and gustatory Olfactory and auditory Visual and auditory
Conscious perception of which senses would be affected by damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum?
Olfactory and gustatory
Olfactory and auditory
Visual and auditory
Auditory and gustatory
Answer: 2

22. Wernike’s area in the parietal lobe
After suffering a stroke, a patient is unable to speak, but can understand what is said to him and can understand written messages. Which part of his brain has been affected by the stroke?
Wernike’s area in the parietal lobe
General interpretive area of the temporal lobe
Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
Broca’s area in the frontal lobe
Answer: 4

23. Paul is having a difficult time remembering facts and recalling long-term memories. Which part of his cerebrum is involved?
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Answer: 1

24. Performing mathematical calculations
Which of these is NOT usually a characteristic function associated with the left cerebral hemisphere?
Performing mathematical calculations
Analyzing emotional context of a conversation
Containing the general interpretive and speech centers
Processing associated with reading, writing, and speaking
Answer: 2

25. They are in deep sleep or have a brain disorder.
A patient who is hooked up to an EEG shows primarily beta waves. What are they doing?
They are in deep sleep or have a brain disorder.
They are in the early stages of sleep.
They are concentrating on a specific task.
They are extremely frustrated.
Answer: 3

26. Tympanic reflex/reduced movement of auditory ossicles
Which cranial reflex is stimulated by loud noises and what is the response?
Tympanic reflex/reduced movement of auditory ossicles
Vestibulo-ocular reflex/opposite movement of the eyes to stabilize field of vision
Auditory reflex/eye or head movement
1 and 3 are correct
Answer: 4