1. Polarized sources and Targets, Section 9a 16 talks in parallel sessions. New projects J-Park, U-70 Protvino, polarized D in Nuclotron –Dubna. Polarized antiprotons, PAX at GSI ! Polarized Sources and Targets Workshop PST-2007 at BNL. Anatoli Zelenski, BNL SPIN 2006 Kyoto, October 5, 2006

2. Present. Spin physics with the polarized electron (muon COMPASS) beams on the fixed target. Solid targets, gas targets. RHIC - the first operational polarized proton collider. Projects. eRHIC – polarized 10 GeV electron +250 GeV polarized proton (He-3) beams. Polarized proton-antiproton collider at GSI. Polarization must be obtained as an additional beam quality at the maximum possible Luminosity!.

3. RHIC: the “Polarized” Collider BRAMS STAR PHENIX AGS LINAC BOOSTER Pol. H - ion source Spin Rotators 20% Snake Siberian Snakes 200 MeV polarimeter AGS inelastic polarimeter AC Dipoles RHIC pC “CNI” polarimeters PHOBOS RHIC Absolute H-jet polarimeter 70% Polarization L max = 1.6  10 32 s -1 cm -2 50 < √s < 500 GeV AGS pC “CNI” polarimeter 5% Snake Polarization facilities at RHIC.

4. Optically-Pumped Polarized H - Ion Source (OPPIS) at RHIC. RHIC OPPIS produces reliably 0.5-1.0mA (maximum 1.6 mA) polarized H - ion current. Pulse duration 400 us. Polarization at 200 MeV P = 82-87 %. Beam intensity (ion/pulse) routine operation: Source - 10 12 H - /pulse Linac (200MeV) - 5∙10 11 Booster - 2∙10 11, 50% - scraping. AGS - 1.7∙10 11 RHIC - 1.4∙10 11 (p/bunch). A beam intensity greatly exceeds RHIC limit, which allowed strong beam collimation in the Booster, to reduce longitudinal and transverse beam emittances.

5. SPIN -TRANSFER POLARIZATION IN PROTON-Rb COLLISIONS. Rb + H+H+ H+H+ Proton source Proton source Laser-795 nm Optical pumping Rb: NL(Rb) ~10 14 cm -2 Sona transition Sona transition Ionizer cell Ionizer cell H-H- Laser beam is a primary source of angular momentum: 10 W (795 nm) 410 19 h /sec 2 A, H 0 equivalent intensity. Supperconducting solenoid 25 кГс 1.5 kG field Charge-exchange collisions:  ~10 -14 cm 2 Na-jet ionizer cell: NL(Na)~ 310 15 cm -2 Electron to proton polarization transfer ECR-29 GHz Н + source Rb +

6. Polarized H - ion current pulse out of 200 MeV linac. Faradey rotation polarization sinal. 500 uA cuurent At 200 MeV. 85-hole ECR Source for the maximum polarization. 400 uS 12·10 11 -polarized H - /pulse.

7. 86.7% 86.4% 200 μA  400 μs pulse at 200 MeV ~4.8∙10 11 H - /pulse Polarization measurement in 200 MeV polarimeter.

8. Polarization measurements in RHIC at 100 GeV.

9. H-Jet Polarimeter Upgrades & Status Yousef Makdisi Collider-Accelerator Department, BNL Spin 2006 BNL: A. Bravar, G. Bunce, R. Gill, Z. Li. A. Khodinov, A. Kponou, Y. Makdisi, W. Meng, A. Nass, S. Resica, A. Zelenski, V. Zubets WISCONSIN: T. Wise, M.A. Chapman, W. Haeberli Kyoto: H. Okada, N. Saito ITEP-Moscow: I. Alekseev, D. Svirida IUCF: E. Stephenson Rikkyo U.: K. Kurita Data analysis: H.Okada, O. Eyser, K. Boyle

10. H-jet polarimeter. Atomic Beam Source. B A N beam (t )  A N target (t ) for elastic scattering only! P beam = P target.  N beam /  N target Atomic beam intensity- 12 ∙10 16 atoms/s H-jet thickness -1.5∙ 10 12 atoms/cm 2

11. Beam in the Cage Camera Focus on Near Wires Camera Focus on Far Wires Camera Focus on Beam

12. Feasibility studies of new polarization techniques for electron, H - ion and 3 He ++ ion beams. A.Zelenski, J.Alessi, E.Beebe, A.Kponou, A.Pikin, J.Ritter, BNL R.Milner, F.Simon MIT Bates, E.Hughes, C.O’Connel, CALTEC S.Kokhanovski, V.Zubets, (INR, Moscow) V. Davidenko, BINP Novosibirsk A new generation of polarized electron, H - and 3 He ++ ion sources will provide polarized beams (if successful after a few years of further development) for RHICII and eRHIC spin physics.

13. Pulsed OPPIS layout. He –ionizer cell serves as a proton source in the high magnetic field. H0H0 H2 neutralizer cell Rb cell Proton source

14. Proton “cannon” of the atomic H injector. The source produced 3 A ! pulsed proton current at 5.0 keV. ~20-50 mA H - current. P=75-80% ~10 mA, P=85-90%. ~ 300 mA unpolarized H - ion current. Ion Optical System with “geometrical focusing”.

15. EBIS ionizer for polarized 3 He gas (proposal). He(2S)→ He(1S) He(2S)→ He(1S) He-3 metastability -exchange polarized cell P - 80-90%. Pumping laser 1083 nm. EBIS-ionizer, B~ 50 kG EBIS-ionizer, B~ 50 kG RFQ He-transfer line. Valve. ~50·10 11, 3 He /pulse. 2.5·10 11 He ++ /pulse

16. The HERMES Polarized H&D Gas Target: 10 Years of Operation Erhard Steffens University of Erlangen-Nürnberg and HERMES Collaboration (DESY-Hamburg) Introduction and history Polarized gas targets in a high energy storage ring Overview of HERMES H&D target Summary of runs 1996 to 2005 (H ║, D ║ H ┴ ) Conclusions

17. October 3, 2006E. Steffens – Spin 2006 The Clue to High Density: Storage Cells Polarized atoms from source Target areal density given by t = L  o with  o = I t / C tot and C tot = S C i Note: Conductance of tube proportional to d 3 /L Ballistic flow from Atomic Beam Source (H, D) Flow driven by pressure gradient Laser Driven Sources (H, D, 3 He) Storage Cell proposed by W. Haeberli Proc. Karlsruhe 1965, p. 64 Proc. Workshop IUCF 1984, AIP Conf. Proc.#128, p.251 Density gain compared to Jet of same intensity can be up to several hundred! T-shaped storage cell

18. October 3, 2006E. Steffens – Spin 2006 Target Performance Target/yearH ║ (1997)D ║ (2000)H ┴ (2003)  r 0.0550.0030.004  P SE 0.035≤0.0010.055  P WD 0.02≤0.010.055  P BI absent 0.015 PTPT 0.851±0.0330.845±0.0280.795±0.033 t (10 14 nucl./cm 2 ) 0.72.11.1 FOM (P T 2 ·t) 0.51.50.7 recombination spin exchange wall depol. beam induced calculated target polarization → target areal density → Figure Of Merrit

19. October 3, 2006E. Steffens – Spin 2006 Conclusions Polarized H&D target successfully operated over 10 years in a HE electron storage ring more or less continuesly Several problems solved during commissioning phase(s) thanks to many enthousiastic collaborators – impossible to name them all! Nature was kind to us (no show-stopper) Technology ready to be used for other projects! www.fz-juelich.de/ikp/pax

20. The Polarized Internal Target at ANKE: First Results Kirill Grigoryev Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich PhD student from Petersburg Nuclear Physic Institute (PNPI), Gatchina, Russia Kyoto October 03, 2006

21. Polarized Internal Gas Target, ANKE  Summer 2003 – Atomic Beam Source is ready for using in experiments PIT main components: ABS H or D H beam intensity (2 HFS) 7.6. 10 16 atoms/s Beam size at the IP σ = 2.85 ± 0.42 mm Polarization for hydrogen P Z = 0.89 ± 0.01 P Z =-0.96 ± 0.01 Lamb-Shift Polarimeter Target chamber with Storage Cell Setup at the COSY experimental all  End of 2004 – Start of the PIT transportation to the COSY experimental hall  July 2005 – ABS is installed at the ANKE-experiment area at COSY

22. Future plans ongoing – Teflon coating and new cell production Autumn ’06 – studies of nuclear polarization of molecules from recombined polarized H and D atoms use of the ABS in the other project ( ISTC #1861 ) December ’06 – PIT reinstallation with Lamb-shift polarimeter at ANKE January ’07 – First double polarized experiment: dp → (pp)n →→ see talk D. Chiladze

23. The Impact of Dissociator Cooling on the Beam Intensity and Velocity Spread in the SpinLab ABS M. Stancari, L. Barion, C. Bonomo, M. Capiluppi, M. Contalbrigo, G. Ciullo, P.F. Dalpiaz, F.Giordano, P. Lenisa, L. Pappalardo and M. Statera University of Ferrara, Italy and INFN Ferrara

24. ABS Intensity over time Is there an emperical limit on the intensity of an ABS, perhaps due to intra beam scattering? (Novosibirsk, PST01) Evidently not! (PST 03, SPIN 04)

25. The RHIC H-jet polarimter dissociator.

26. SpinLab ABS1 Dissociator Cooling We observe that : all temperatures rise with input flow for fixed cooling power but do not change with increased microwave power (600-1000 W) the beam parameters are not sensitive to variations in the cooling water temperature the beam parameters are sensitive to variations in the collar temperature

27. molecules atoms Chamber pressures Nozzle temperature = 115 K Beam density Beam Response to Collar Temperature Changes 75 sccm H 2 1.5 sccm O 2 4 mm nozzle at 115 K Inlet Pressure

28. Spin-filter technique for antiproton beam polarization was originally discussed by E.Steffens at the meeting on polarized antiproton beam polarization organized by O. Chamberline (in A. Krish talk).

35. Polarized by spin-exchange technique He-3 target at J-lab operates at 15 bar, 50% polarization. Continuous operation.

36. Progress in Polarized 3 He Ion Source at RCNP Progress in Polarized 3 He Ion Source at RCNP M. Tanaka M. Tanaka Kobe Tokiwa College, Ohtani-cho 2-6-2, Nagata-ku, Kobe Tokiwa College, Ohtani-cho 2-6-2, Nagata-ku, Kobe 653-0838, Japan Kobe 653-0838, Japan Spin2006 Oct. ６ 2006

37. Spin-exchange collisions between Rb + 3 He + ion

38. Method II Ionization by tubular EBIS Ionizer Method I Ionization by stripping after acceleration Basic drawings of practical SEPIS designs

39. ○ Expected Performance Tanaka et al: Nucl. Instr. Meth. 2005 ○ Polarization degree > 80% ○ Beam intensity > 4.2 p  A for CW beam on target at RCNP > 5×10 12 particles/pulse with a tubular EBIS ionizer. This number is an order of magnitude larger than that planned at RHIC, BNL

40. Polarized Proton Solid Target at high-T and low-B Tomohiro Uesaka Center for Nuclear Study, Tokyo

41. T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo C NS Proton Pol. at low-B and high-T Idea: use of electron polarization (population difference) in photo-excited triplet state of aromatic molecule H.W. van Kesteren et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 1642. A. Henstra et al., Phys. Lett. A 134 (1988) 134. Energy diagram of pentacene molecule mixing due to spin-orbit int. in molecule Electron polarization depends neither on B nor T

42. T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo C NS Electron population difference x y z B // x : P max = 73% B // y : P max = 48% B // z : P max = 70% B // xB // yB // z Crystal alignment is essential for large polarization 0.12 0.76 0.45 0.39 0.16 0.46 0.08 Pentacene molecule Population

43. T. Uesaka, Center for Nuclear Study, University of Tokyo C NS Optical pumping by Ar-ion Laser System for basic study with Ar-ion laser T. Wakui et al., NIM A 526 (2004) 182 & NIM A 550 (2005) 521. Polarization in naphthalene at 0.3 T, 100K crystal size 4×4×3mm 3 Polarization in p-terphenyl at 0.3T, room temperature 4.8±1.2% enhancement factor > 5×10 4 Time [min] Time [hours] Polarization [%]

44. Fabrice Gautheron-Performance of the Newly upgradedLarge COMPASS Polarized Target. T. Nakajima –Nuclear spin polarization by Ultrafast laser Pulses Arnold Honig- Polarized D, He-3-in the Tokamak.

45. Polarized Sources and Targets PST 2007 Workshop. Date: September 10-14, 2007 Possible place – Port Jefferson, Long Island, NY Focussed discussions on: Polarized Ion, Electron and He-3 polarized sources. Polarized internal targets. Polarimetry. Invited speakers. Round – table discussions. Posters on status and summary talks. One day –lectures for students and BNL staff at BNL. Expected number of participants ~80 (~20 students). Registration fee - $300 (reduced for students). Publication in AIP Proceedings.