1. 1 STAR STAR Upgrade Plans and R&D Open Meeting on RHIC Planning, December 4, 2003 R. Majka for STAR

2. 2 Physics Questions 1.What are the gross properties of the partonic matter? Is it equilibrated?Is it equilibrated? Does it behave collectively?Does it behave collectively? What are its early temperature and pressure?What are its early temperature and pressure? What is its gluon density?What is its gluon density? 2.Are symmetries restored/broken in the partonic matter? Spontaneous CP violationSpontaneous CP violation Chiral symmetry and U A (1) restorationChiral symmetry and U A (1) restoration 3.What are the properties of the hadronic medium after hadronization 4.What are the gluon densities in normal nuclear matter 6.What are the contributions to the nucleon spin?

3. 3 Upgrade Goals Keep (expand) STAR’s large coverage 1. Enhanced (higher momentum) PID – barrel TOF 2. Micro vertex detector and inner tracking for enhanced heavy quark ID 3. Improved momentum resolution for forward (1<|  |<2) region - inner and end cap tracking, 4. High rate readout and DAQ – present large samples to high level trigger, also record very large samples 5.Enhanced Forward instrumentation - |  |>2 (Hadron calorimetry) 6. High rate tracking capability 7. High Luminosity, Large pp polarization – RHIC development and upgrades

4. 4 Physics Bullets Determine degree of thermalization and collectivity in partonic matter formed in RHIC collisions Determine degree of thermalization and collectivity in partonic matter formed in RHIC collisions Test QCD (for variety of parton types) and determine the fate of its fundamental symmetries in bulk partonic matter Test QCD (for variety of parton types) and determine the fate of its fundamental symmetries in bulk partonic matter Map the contributions of gluons and sea antiquarks of different flavor to the spin of the proton Map the contributions of gluons and sea antiquarks of different flavor to the spin of the proton Probe the large gluon densities at low momentum fraction in heavy nuclei Probe the large gluon densities at low momentum fraction in heavy nuclei } RHIC- II TOF Barrel Pixel  Vertex DAQ/FEE upgrade } Inner/ endcap tracking Forward hadron calorimeter Upgrade

5. 5 TOF: Correlations, Fluctuations, Partonic Collectivity, Open Charn, Vector meson (->e + e - ), lepton, di-lepton spectra, away-side jet fragmentation, exotica searches,  helicity correlations, Microvertex: Heavy quark production with identification via slightly displaced vertices; D yields & flow to test degree of thermalization & partonic collectivity; c- and b-quark energy loss in partonic matter. DAQ/FEE: Acquisition of very large data samples for precision and rare process studies: e.g., b-quark jet quenching; CP violation search via  spin correlations opposite a high-p T hadron;  HBT. Inner/Forward Tracking Upgrade: W ± production and charge sign discrimination in polarized pp collisions, especially in endcap region, for kinematically clean distinction of flavor-dependence of sea antiquark vs. valence quark polarizations in proton. Forward Hadron Calorimeter: Jet reconstruction at high pseudorapidity: CGC monojet search in d(p) + A; isolation of fragmentation effects in large single-spin transverse asymmetries in pp   0 production. Robust Tracking in High Luminosity RHIC II era: High luminosity studies of  - and heavy-quark tagged jets;  HBT.

6. 6 STAR Detector

7. 7 Ongoing Improvements of STAR Capability Detector / Interest StatusCompletion Barrel Electromagnetic Calorimeter (high pt, photons,  °, jets TRiGGER!) 90 modules of 120 installed 2004 Endcap Electromagnetic Calorimeter (reach in x BJ, high pt, photons,  °, jets, TRIGGER) mech structure installed; 40% instr. 2004 Silicon Strip Detector (x 1.5 efficiency for hyperon reconstr.) 11 ladders installed 2004 Photon Multiplicity Detector (  °) fluctuations, Chiral Condensate (  °) fluctuations, Chiral CondensateInstalled2003 One Tray of MRPC TOF (< 100 ps TOF PID with MRPC Modules) New prototype Tray 2003 DAQ 100 (  Event Rates  100 Hz) Completed2003 Forward Pi Zero Detector ( A N for leading  °, G(x) in d + Au) Complete2003 New Triggers and increased capability New Triggers and increased capability (Rare Trigger Selection e.g. J/ , Upsilon) Ongoing Dev.

8. 8 STAR Barrel TOF MRPC modules to cover outer barrel of STAR TPC  < 100 ps  < 100 ps Large coverage –  <  < , -1<  <1, R≈2.1 m Large coverage –  <  < , -1<  <1, R≈2.1 m More than double momentum range of PID (95% of charged particles in acceptance) More than double momentum range of PID (95% of charged particles in acceptance) 3800 modules with 23,000 readout channels 3800 modules with 23,000 readout channels Fast detector – maintains (improves) trigger capability of existing CTB scintilators. Fast detector – maintains (improves) trigger capability of existing CTB scintilators.

9. 9 Read out pad size ： 3.15cm×6.3cm gap ： 6×0.22mm 95% C 2 H 2 F 4 5% Iso-butane Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber MRPC Technology developed at CERN MRPC Technology developed at CERN 3800 modules, 23,000 readout chan. to cover TPC barrel

10. 10 Examples of Benefit of TOF Open Charm and Resonances in central Au-Au collisions p T (GeV/c) FOM DoDoDoDo All4.6 DoDoDoDo 2-42.6 DoDoDoDo 4-62.0 DoDoDoDo >61.0 K* o 0-12.0 1-21.85 2-31.74 3-51.39  (1020) 0-25.0 2-53.4  (1520) 0-1.611.4 FOM (figure of merit) = reduction in required data set by using TOF PID TOF PID also reduces systematic errors from correlated back- ground due to misidentified particles Certain measurements are impossible without TOF – unlike particle correlations (  scale dependent correlation studies (velocity vs momentum correlations), exotic searches…

11. 11 TOF R&D Accomplished in FY03 For RHIC run 3, one full tray installed in STAR 28 MRPC modules28 MRPC modules 72 chan. of readout using final FEE components on prototype boards connected to CAMAC digitizers72 chan. of readout using final FEE components on prototype boards connected to CAMAC digitizers Signals split to form TOF triggerSignals split to form TOF trigger

12. 12 TOF R&D Accomplished in FY03 SF 6 is NOT required in the gas mixSF 6 is NOT required in the gas mix HV was on for the entire run – no failuresHV was on for the entire run – no failures Noise rate ~200Hz from OR of 72 chan.Noise rate ~200Hz from OR of 72 chan. TPC track matching done (software developed)TPC track matching done (software developed) Calibrations (t-zero, slewing, TDC nonlinearity, …) are all performed (software developed)Calibrations (t-zero, slewing, TDC nonlinearity, …) are all performed (software developed) 85 ps MRPC timing resolution demonstrated for a small system in the RHIC/STAR environment85 ps MRPC timing resolution demonstrated for a small system in the RHIC/STAR environment 95% MRPC efficiency demonstrated in the RHIC/STAR environment95% MRPC efficiency demonstrated in the RHIC/STAR environment PID capability demonstrated (software developed)PID capability demonstrated (software developed) Electron tagging demonstratedElectron tagging demonstrated Physics publication submittedPhysics publication submitted

13. 13  /K separation p=1.6GeV/c, p/(K+  ) p=3GeV/c From TOF Triggered Data in d-Au Collisions

14. 14 Electron tag from combining TPC dE/dx and TOF TPC dE/dx for all tracks TPC dE/dx for tracks with TOF  ~ 1

15. 15 TOF + TPC electron Tag Works well at low energy – complements calorimeterWorks well at low energy – complements calorimeter Gives access to vector meson (  J  e + e - decaysGives access to vector meson (  J  e + e - decays In medium modification, ‘onia studiesIn medium modification, ‘onia studies Thermal dileptonsThermal dileptons Single electron spectrumSingle electron spectrum D meson yield, flowD meson yield, flow Simulations show inner  vertex tracker can suppress  conversions D o decay electrons follow D o flow!

16. 16 Nucl-ex/0309012, Sept. 2003 Submitted to PRL MRPC TOF has run successfully in STAR and produced publishable physics results.

17. 17 TOF R&D in 2004 For the upcoming run (Run 4): TOF Tray rebuilt with prototypes of “final” FEE boardsTOF Tray rebuilt with prototypes of “final” FEE boards A few channels of HPTDC digitizersA few channels of HPTDC digitizers  Address integration volume issues (space, cooling)  Gain experience with final FEE configuration (24 channel boards, sealing top of trays  Gain experience with HPTDC  Gain running experience with Au-Au collisions  Continue software development and physics analysis

18. 18 TOF R&D in 2004 (cont.) For Run 5: Build a significant amount of full electronics chain (up to four trays)Build a significant amount of full electronics chain (up to four trays) Build significant number of MRPC modules (up to 4 trays)Build significant number of MRPC modules (up to 4 trays)  Operational experience with full electronics chain  Check electronics design for production  Experience with module production lines  Finalize module production and QA procedure  Extended physics capability

19. 19 Proposal for construction is submitted: Construction funding in FY05 Construction funding in FY05 Construction FY05 – FY07 Construction FY05 – FY07 30 Trays (25% coverage) in FY06 30 Trays (25% coverage) in FY06 Partial (and increasing) coverage (and physics capability) available during construction phase. Partial (and increasing) coverage (and physics capability) available during construction phase.

20. 20 Micro-Vertex Detector High resolution inner vertex detector, better than 10  m resolution, with better than 20  m point-back accuracy at the primary vertex. CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) technology – can be very thin, allows some readout to be on same chip as detector. Develop high speed APS technology for second generation silicon replacement (LEPSI/IReS, and LBNL+UC Irvine) Required Areas of development:  APS detector technology  Mechanical support and cabling for thinned silicon  Thin beam pipe development  Calibration and position determination  Data stream interfacing

21. 21 Features of First Generation Design: 2 layers 2 layers Inner radius ~1.8 cm Inner radius ~1.8 cm Active length 20 cm Active length 20 cm Readout speed 20 ms (generation 1) Readout speed 20 ms (generation 1) Number of pixels 130 M Number of pixels 130 M Goals and Milestones: Choose MIMOSTAR fabrication process, End 03 Thinned MIMOSA-5 chips to LEPSI/IReS, Feb. 04 Design of LEPSI/IReS MIMOSTAR chip, May 04 Tested MIMOSA-5 to LBNL, June 04 Submit fabrication MIMOSTAR, 2 proto, Sept 04 First ladder prototype, start Oct. 04 Tests of 2 MIMOSTAR prototypes, Jan 05 Final MIMOSTAR prototype design, Mar 05 Submit fab final MIMOSTAR prototype, Apr 05 Production tests of final MIMOSTAR proto type on wafer, July 05 Send MIMOSTAR for thinning, Aug 05 Test thinned and diced MIMOSTAR prototype chips, Sept 05 Mount MIMOSTAR chips on final ladder prototype Proposal in 2004

22. 22 carbon composite (75  m) Young’s modulus 3-4 times steel aluminum kapton cable (100  m) silicon chips (50  m) 21.6 mm 254 mm Thin stiff ladder concept Mechanical and integration issues are being addressed: Existing Silicon Two Layers of APS Integration volume and rapid insertion/removal being studied using modern 3-D modeling tools.

23. 23 GOAL: increase STAR’s rate capability to equivalent of 1 kHz min-bias Au+Au  ~820 MB/s instantaneous (~300 MB/s time-averaged?) IMPLEMENTATION: (1) replace TPC FEE with version based on ALICE ALTRO chip; (2) replace TPC DAQ system with one based on storage of only cluster information extracted in fast hardware; (3) upgrade EMC Level 2 Receiver Boards and use for other new subsystems as well. MILESTONES:  FY04 Run: deploy Fast Cluster Finder algorithm (  DAQ100) and cluster storage only in software as proof-of-principle; handle clustered event building with 4 Linux-based EVB work stations  FY04 R&D: implement a Row Computing Slice (RCS) incorporating FCF in hardware (FPGA, DSP, …); design generic new DAQ Receiver Board; prototype ALTRO-based FEE  FY05 Run: implement new Receiver Board for BEMC/EEMC Level 2 triggering  FY05 R&D: design ALTRO  DAQ interconnect; prototype DAQ fiber interconnect & network system STAR DAQ upgrade – DAQ1000

24. 24 Primary Vertex position, Z, cm Pt, GeV/c, simulated Improved Tracking for  >1 GEM in front of TPC + 3-layer Si strip barrel + GEM plane in front of EEMC 18%, wrong sign TPC hits only > 7 hits/track “Fast” Detector hits only All hits Pt, GeV/c, reconstructed   Inner (Si strip) + forward (GEM) tracking detector concept should eliminate incorrect sign reconstructions for W daughters in endcap region!   Simulated events illuminate endcap region ~ uniformly, assume modest fast detector spatial resolutions of 100  m (GEM) and 50  m (Si)

25. 25 =Gas Electron Multiplier A micropattern structure produced in 50  m thick copper clad kapton using lithographic techniques. 55  m holes on ~140  m centers Gain up to ~10 3 for single foil 3M Foil (J. Collar) Photo – Bo Yu, BNL CERN Foil (F. Sauli) Photo – G. Jesse

26. 26 November 7-8, Meeting at MIT to begin to address issues related to integrating requirements and design for tracking upgrades New working group formed to:  Decide on optimal sequence/staging/integration of upgrades and replacement of existing STAR subsystems, navigating highly coupled issues: APS needs fast inner tracker consistent with FEE/DAQ upgrade. APS needs fast inner tracker consistent with FEE/DAQ upgrade. W± sign discrimination in endcap region requires inner tracker coverage beyond  = 1 W± sign discrimination in endcap region requires inner tracker coverage beyond  = 1 Endcap tracker needs space freed by TPC FEE upgrade Endcap tracker needs space freed by TPC FEE upgrade Present SVT + FTPC introduce intricate mechanical problems for APS insertion/removal Present SVT + FTPC introduce intricate mechanical problems for APS insertion/removal Mapping onto physics priorities, funding, RHIC run planMapping onto physics priorities, funding, RHIC run plan  Produce an integrated design addressing these issues Inner Tracking + Forward Tracking

27. 27 Forward Physics Forward Hadron Calorimetry (~2.4<  <4.0, 0<  <2  ) Simulations and Design   Forward jets – probing gluon saturation, mono-jets   Is the asymmetry for pions produced in transversely polarized proton scattering due to spin dependent fragmentation? Roman Pots (  ~6.5) Access to a variety of diffractive phenomena in p-p scattering beam detectors beam pipe

28. 28 Goals for FY04 TOF: Proposal submitted construct 4 prototype MRPC TOF trays with ~ final on-board time digitization electronics for installation in STAR for RHIC run 5; design Level 2 Receiver Board for TOF + other sub-systems.  Vertex: design and begin fabrication of prototype MIMOSTAR chips; advance mechanical design and begin fabrication of first prototype APS ladder. Develop proposal FEE/DAQ build/test several prototype FEE boards utilizing ALTRO chip. Implement Fast TPC Cluster Finder algorithm in hardware; contribute to design of new Receiver Board. GEM: (Joint R&D with PHENIX) prepare prototype GEM pad detector and readout electronics for installation within STAR for RHIC run 5, to test operation and backgrounds in RHIC collision environment. Build prototype compact TPC module Inner + Endcap tracking: Develop integrated design.

29. 29 STAR Future Physics and Planned Upgrades System R&D Constr/Cost Benefit to STAR Barrel MRPC ‘ 04  ‘05 ‘ 05  ‘06 PID information for ~ 95% Barrel MRPC ‘ 04  ‘05 ‘ 05  ‘06 PID information for ~ 95% TOF $260k $4.3M of kaons and protons in acc; TOF $260k $4.3M of kaons and protons in acc; + $2.5M in- kind extended p T for resonances; + $2.5M in- kind extended p T for resonances;  v 2 ; D’s; ebe correlations;  v 2 ; D’s; ebe correlations; anti-nuclei; inclusive anti-nuclei; inclusive electrons electrons Inner  vtx ‘04  ‘06 ‘ 06  ‘07 D’s, flavor- tagged jets Inner  vtx ‘04  ‘06 ‘ 06  ‘07 D’s, flavor- tagged jets (Forward Tracker) $ 965K $4M (TBD) (Charge sign for W ± ) (Forward Tracker) $ 965K $4M (TBD) (Charge sign for W ± ) DAQ Upgrade ‘04  ‘06 ‘ 06  ‘08 1 kz  L3; D’s;  & D, DAQ Upgrade ‘04  ‘06 ‘ 06  ‘08 1 kz  L3; D’s;  & D, $1.77M $5M v 2, cp, D thermalization $1.77M $5M v 2, cp, D thermalization FEE Upgrade ‘04  ‘05 ‘ 05  ‘06 1 kz  L3; D’s; , D, FEE Upgrade ‘04  ‘05 ‘ 05  ‘06 1 kz  L3; D’s; , D, $250k $2.5M v 2, cp, D thermalization $250k $2.5M v 2, cp, D thermalization Forward Hadron before next d-Au forward jets, mono-jets, Calorimeter TBD collins fragmentation Calorimeter TBD collins fragmentation GEM DeV ‘ 04  ‘06 ‘08 - ‘10 Compact, fast TPC;robust GEM DeV ‘ 04  ‘06 ‘08 - ‘10 Compact, fast TPC;robust $900k ? tracking for high Q 2 physics $900k ? tracking for high Q 2 physics at 40 x L GEM pad chambers for at 40 x L GEM pad chambers for forward/inner tracking forward/inner tracking