1. Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition
Robert W. Strayer
Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Second Edition
Chapter 3
State and Empire in Eurasia/North Africa
(500 B.C.E.–500 C.E.)
Copyright © by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2. (9/17/15) Bell Ringer: What is an Empire?
Short written response
Simple Answer: political systems with coercive power
Complex Answer: larger, more aggressive states that conquer other states, use their resources, includes a blending of cultures and political systems

3. Ch 3- Eurasian Empires of the second-wave of civlization
Persian
Greek
Hellenistic Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman
Chinese (Han and Qin dynasties)
India (Mauryan and Gupta)
Which empire are you interested in and why?
Most were large
Most had conquest filled with blood and conquest
All eventually fell apart
Majority of people before the 20th century (1900’s) lived in Empires
Empires forced the exchange of ideas, cultures, and values(key term?)
Empires provided peace and security, sense of belonging
Development of commerce, trade, and cultural mixing created a collective world

4. The Persian Empire is a series of imperial dynasties centered in Persia (now IRAN, AFGHANISTAN, TURKEY, etc..)

5. I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
A. The Persian Empire (THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE)*Largest in World History
Persians and Medes are Iranians, related to Indo-Europeans
The Medes
Migrated from central Asia to Persia before 1000 B.C.E.
Indo-European speakers, sharing cultural traits with the Aryans
Persians were one of the tribes of Medes
1. King of Kings: Cyrus & Darius: The great Persian monarchs exercised absolute power over their subjects, including life and death. They also enjoyed a lavish lifestyle of elaborate rituals and palaces. They claimed complete control over their entire domain and saw their centralized state as absolute. Darius built new capital at Persepolis, 520 B.C.E.
2. Multiculturalism: The Persian monarchs did not rule by force alone. They used an efficient system of regional administrators known as satraps and respected the diverse cultures and religions of the various people they conquered.
3. Infrastructure: The empire’s sophisticated administrations set the pattern for some 1,000 years for the numerous successor regimes in the region. Of particular note were the empire’s 1,700-mile “royal road,” its postal system, forms of taxation, court etiquette, and bureaucracy.
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
A. The Persian Empire
1. King of Kings: Cyrus & Darius: The great Persian monarchs exercised absolute power over their subjects, including life and death. They also enjoyed a lavish lifestyle of elaborate rituals and palaces. They claimed complete control over their entire domain and saw their centralized state as absolute.
2. Multiculturalism: The Persian monarchs did not rule by force alone. They used an efficient system of regional administrators known as satraps and respected the diverse cultures and religions of the various people they conquered.
3. Infrastructure: The empire’s sophisticated administrations set the pattern for some 1,000 years for the numerous successor regimes in the region. Of particular note were the empire’s 1,700-mile “royal road,” its postal system, forms of taxation, court etiquette, and bureaucracy.

6. Spread of Zoroastrianism

7. Zarathustra
Not sure when he lived. Most scholars say 7th-6th centuries B.C.E.
From an aristocratic family, possibly a priest
When he was about twenty, he left his home in search of wisdom
Believes the “wise lord”, Ahura Mazda chose him to be a prophet

8. Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE: Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
“Tree of Life”

9. I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
B. The Greeks (Hellenic Greece 700 B.C.E – 324 B.C.E.)
Hellenes: The Greeks had a common identity as Hellenes, sharing language, religion, and rituals. Starting in 776 B.C.E., they held the Olympic Games every four years as a festival celebrating their shared identity.
City-states: Despite pan-Hellenic ideals, there was endemic rivalry amongst the various city-states and near constant warfare. Many states had very different forms of organization. The contrast between Athenian democracy and Spartan martial communalism illustrated the extremes. Generally these city-sates were small with only 500 to 5,000 male citizens, but they did see economic dynamism, which could lead to environmental degradation and soil depletion such as around Athens.
3. Expansion by migration: Like the Persians, the Greeks were dynamic and expansive. However, their expansion came about by waves of migration around the Mediterranean and Black Seas between 750 and 500 B.C.E. These migrations spread Greek culture, language, and architecture.
4. Citizens and hoplites: The Greeks pioneered revolutionary political ideas such as viewing the individual as a participant of a larger state system, a citizen. The tradition of hoplite(warriors) warfare existed, where men who could afford armor served as infantry. These hoplites soon demanded political rights and challenged elites or tyrants.
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
B. The Greeks
1. Hellenes: The Greeks had a common identity as Hellenes, sharing language, religion, and rituals. Starting in 776 B.C.E., they held the Olympic Games every four years as a festival celebrating their shared identity.
2. City-states: Despite pan-Hellenic ideals, there was endemic rivalry amongst the various city-states and near constant warfare. Many states had very different forms of organization. The contrast between Athenian democracy and Spartan martial communalism illustrated the extremes. Generally these city-sates were small with only 500 to 5,000 male citizens, but they did see economic dynamism, which could lead to environmental degradation and soil depletion such as around Athens.
3. Expansion by migration: Like the Persians, the Greeks were dynamic and expansive. However, their expansion came about by waves of migration around the Mediterranean and Black Seas between 750 and 500 B.C.E. These migrations spread Greek culture, language, and architecture.
4. Citizens and hoplites: The Greeks pioneered revolutionary political ideas such as viewing the individual as a participant of a larger state system, a citizen. The tradition of hoplite warfare existed, where men who could afford armor served as infantry. These hoplites soon demanded political rights and challenged elites or tyrants.

10. The Emergence of the Polis
The polis (city-state) was an urban center and its rural territory
What makes a “polis”
An acropolis
An agora (marketplace)
Fortified walls
Public buildings
There were frequent wars between the various city-states

11. Sparta Highly militarized society Subjugated peoples: helots
Serfs, tied to land
Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6th c. BCE
Military society developed to control threat of rebellion
Austerity the norm
Boys removed from families at age seven
Received military training in barracks
Active military service follows
Marriage, but no home life until age 30
Some relaxation of discipline by 4th c. CE

12. Athens Solon Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis
Aristocrats to keep large landholdings
But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
Removed family restrictions against participating in public life
Instituted paid civil service

13. “Golden Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE
Legendary Athenian leader
Champion of the arts and sciences,
Renowned military/political leader
Led Athens into the Peloponnesian War
High point of Athenian democracy
Aristocratic but popular
Massive public works
Encouraged cultural development

14. Athens Development of early Democracy Free, adult males only
Women, slaves excluded
Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism
Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity
Aristocrats dominated smaller landholders
Increased socio-economic tensions
Class conflict
The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power.

15. The Extent of Greek Colonization
How did geography effect the development and expansion of the Greek colonies?

16. C. Collision:
The Greco-Persian Wars
ATHENS
SPARTA

17. I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
C. Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
Ionia: Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia
-This was a contested area of western Anatolia where Greek city-states had been annexed by the Persian Empire.
-When they revolted with the help of Athens, (Athens supports with ships)the Persians sought to punish the rebels and their supporters in the Greek mainland.
2. Persian War with Athens: Victorious, democratic, and imperial: Against all odds, Athens led a coalition of Greek city-states to victory in land and sea engagements in 490 and 480 B.C.E.
This was a source of great pride for Athenian citizens who saw their political system as a source of their victory.
As a consequence of the victory, citizenship was extended to the lower classes who fought the Persians; Athens pursued a policy of empire building.
Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE; but routed Persians in 490 BCE (Marathon)
Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well
Poleis create Delian League to forestall more Persian attacks
Led by Athens
Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion
Resented by other poleis
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
C. Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
1. Ionia: This was a contested area of western Anatolia where Greek city-states had been annexed by the Persian Empire. When they revolted with the help of Athens, the Persians sought to punish the rebels and their supporters in the Greek mainland.
2. Athens: Victorious, democratic, and imperial: Against all odds, Athens led a coalition of Greek city-states to victory in land and sea engagements in 490 and 480 B.C.E. This was a source of great pride for Athenian citizens who saw their political system as a source of their victory. As a consequence of the victory, citizenship was extended to the lower classes who fought the Persians; Athens pursued a policy of empire building.
3. The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.: Democratic or not, Athenian empire building directly led to conflicts with other Greek city-states. The Peloponnesian War was essentially a civil war between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies. In the end, Athens lost and Greece was exhausted, opening the way for a Macedonian invasion.

18. PERSIAN WARS WITH GREECE
The Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Ionian Greeks rebelled
Athens sent aid to rebels(ships)
Persian rulers put down rebellion
Darius invaded Greece to punish Greeks
Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E) – 26 miles north of Athens
Did not live long enough to finish job
Xerxes (reigned B.C.E.)
Retreated from the policy of cultural toleration
Caused ill will and rebellions among subject peoples
Won battle of Thermopolyae (480 B.C.E)
Lost both land and sea battles to Greeks
Battle of Salamis

19. I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
C. Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
3. The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.:
Democratic or not, Athenian empire building directly led to conflicts with other Greek city-states.
Civil war in Greece, BCE
Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
Athens forced to surrender
But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis
Effect: Greek city-states left weak which leads to the Macedonian take-over! (Phillip II son)
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
C. Collision: The Greco-Persian Wars
1. Ionia: This was a contested area of western Anatolia where Greek city-states had been annexed by the Persian Empire. When they revolted with the help of Athens, the Persians sought to punish the rebels and their supporters in the Greek mainland.
2. Athens: Victorious, democratic, and imperial: Against all odds, Athens led a coalition of Greek city-states to victory in land and sea engagements in 490 and 480 B.C.E. This was a source of great pride for Athenian citizens who saw their political system as a source of their victory. As a consequence of the victory, citizenship was extended to the lower classes who fought the Persians; Athens pursued a policy of empire building.
3. The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.: Democratic or not, Athenian empire building directly led to conflicts with other Greek city-states. The Peloponnesian War was essentially a civil war between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies. In the end, Athens lost and Greece was exhausted, opening the way for a Macedonian invasion.

20. I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision:
D. Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
1. Philip II and Alexander: Philip of Macedonia invaded a weakened Greece and forced unity upon the quarrelsome city-states. His son, Alexander, led a massive Greek invasion of the Persian Empire. In a decade of frenetic activity, Alexander claimed numerous military victories, destroyed the Persian capital at Persepolis, and ventured as far as present Afghanistan and India before his death in 323 B.C.E.
2. Spread of Greek culture: While his empire soon broke into several pieces, Alexander opened the way for Greek culture to spread east. Greek influences can be found as far away as India where the monarch Asoka published some decrees in Greek and a new style of art showed Greek techniques.
3. Alexandria and Bactria: With its large multiethnic population and numerous monuments, Alexandria stands out as the most dynamic symbol of the Hellenistic Era. Bactria, high in the mountains of Central Asia, shows the far flung influences of Greek culture but also the fusion of Greek and eastern cultures, seen in the Greek monarchs who practiced Buddhism. While there was sharing of cultures, ethnic conflict could erupt and some, such as orthodox Jews(Hebrews), tried to resist the Hellenization of their people.
I. Empires and Civilizations in Collision: The Persians and the Greeks
D. Collision: Alexander and the Hellenistic Era
1. Philip II and Alexander: Philip of Macedonia invaded a weakened Greece and forced unity upon the quarrelsome city-states. His son, Alexander, led a massive Greek invasion of the Persian Empire. In a decade of frenetic activity, Alexander claimed numerous military victories, destroyed the Persian capital at Persepolis, and ventured as far as present Afghanistan and India before his death in 323 B.C.E.
2. Spread of Greek culture: While his empire soon broke into several pieces, Alexander opened the way for Greek culture to spread east. Greek influences can be found as far away as India where the monarch Asoka published some decrees in Greek and a new style of art showed Greek techniques.
3. Alexandria and Bactria: With its large multiethnic population and numerous monuments, Alexandria stands out as the most dynamic symbol of the Hellenistic Era. Bactria, high in the mountains of Central Asia, shows the far flung influences of Greek culture but also the fusion of Greek and eastern cultures, seen in the Greek monarchs who practiced Buddhism. While there was sharing of cultures, ethnic conflict could erupt and some, such as orthodox Jews, tried to resist the Hellenization of their people.

21. Alexander the Great’s Empire

22. HW – Comparison Venn Diagram – Use slides 21- 82 and Textbook pgs
What were the similarities and differences between the Persian and Greek Empires? (10 bullets in each area)

23. THE HEIGHT OF SOUTHWEST ASIA’S CLASSICAL SOCIETIES
THE PERSIANS
THE HEIGHT OF SOUTHWEST ASIA’S CLASSICAL SOCIETIES

24. THE ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
Persians and Medes are Iranians, related to Indo-Europeans
The Medes
Migrated from central Asia to Persia before 1000 B.C.E.
Indo-European speakers, sharing cultural traits with the Aryans
Persians were one of the tribes of Medes
Cyrus the Great (reigned B.C.E.)
A tough, wily leader, military strategist
Became the king of the Persians in 557 B.C.E., all Medes in 548 BCE
Conquered Lydia, Chaldean Empires
Established vast empire stretching from India to Mediterranean
Viewed favorably in the Old Testament: allowed Jews to return home
Cambyses, son of Cyrus (re B.C.E.)
Conquered Egypt in 525
Darius (re B.C.E.)
A young kinsman of Cyrus
Built the largest empire in world history: conquered
Indus Valley
Ruled more than 70 ethnic groups
Built new capital at Persepolis, 520 B.C.E.

25. Tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae

26. ADMINISTRATION Divided the empire into 23 satrapies
Satraps (governors)
Appointed by the central government
Local officials were drawn from local peoples
Local policies included self-government, toleration
Satraps' power
Represent Emperor, maintain defense, collect taxes
Checked by military officers and "imperial spies“
Checked by Zoroastrianism, codes of honor, fear of Emperor
Replaced irregular tribute payments with formal taxes
Military: largest in history until Romans, Chinese
Common levies from each province
Persian cavalry; Persian Immortals: elite shock troops
Mercenaries included Greeks
Standardization of coins and laws
Communication systems
Persian Royal Road links Susa (Asia Minor, Lydia to Susa, in Persia)
Postal stations with postal relay riders

27. Persian “Royal Road” The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great  in the 5th century BC. Darius built the road to facilitate rapid communication and trade throughout his very large empire.

28. Silk Road

29. Persepolis
Persepolis
Darius I began the elaborate citadel; his son, Xerxes, continued its construction; and his grandson, Artaxerxes I, completed the magnificent city of Persepolis, which was a confluence of styles--Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek. Only portions of the audience hall remain. (George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

30. PERSEPOLIS

31. Ancient Persepolis

32. PERSIAN WARS WITH GREECE
The Persian Wars ( B.C.E.)
Ionian Greeks rebelled
Greek free city states sent aid to rebels
Persian rulers put down rebellion
Darius invaded Greece to punish Greeks
Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E)
Did not live long enough to finish job
Xerxes (reigned B.C.E.)
Retreated from the policy of cultural toleration
Caused ill will and rebellions among subject peoples
Won battle of Thermopolyae (480 B.C.E)
Lost both land and sea battles to Greeks
Battle of Salamis

33. SUCCESSORS TO PERSIA The Parthians The Sasanids
Overthrew Selecuids in 238 BCE
Based in Iran, extended to Mesopotamia
Retained some traditions of nomadic people
Formidable power of Parthian heavy cavalry because of alfalfa diet of horses
Established a mighty empire through East SW Asia by conquests
Portrayed themselves as restorers of the Persian tradition
Followed the example of the Achaemenids in administration
Clan leaders as satraps: potential threats for central government
Opposed expanding Roman empire, 1st century C.E.
Internal rebellion brought it down in the early 3rd century C.E.
The Sasanids
From Persia, claimed direct descent from the Achaemenids
Toppled the Parthians in 224 C.E., new capital at Ctesiphon
Government stronger, better organized, more absolute than Parthian
Traded throughout Arabia, SW Asia, Indian Ocean, Central Asia
Devout Zoroastrians much opposed to early spread of Christianity
Battled the Kushan Empire in the east
Battled the Roman and Byzantine empires in the west, 3rd century C.E.
In 651 C.E., the empire conquered by Arabs

34. IMPERIAL SOCIETY, ECONOMY
Social Development in Classical Persia
Nomadic character of early Persian society
Similar to the Aryans in India
Importance of family and clan relationships
Imperial bureaucrats
Needed educated bureaucrats
Shared power with warriors and clan leaders
Free classes
In the city: artisans, craftsmen, merchants, civil servants
In the countryside: peasants - building underground canals (qanat)
Slaves in both cities and countryside
Economic Foundations of Classical Persia
Agriculture was the economic foundation
Main crops: Barley and wheat
Supplemental crops: peas, lentils, mustard, garlic, onions, cucumber
Large agricultural surplus
Trade
Commercial zone from India to Egypt
Political stability promoted growth of trade
Standardized coins (Gold Darics were first in world), good trade routes
Specialization of production in different regions

35. Zarathustra and his faith

36. Zarathustra
Not sure when he lived. Most scholars say 7th-6th centuries B.C.E.
From an aristocratic family, possibly a priest
When he was about twenty, he left his home in search of wisdom
Believes the “wise lord”, Ahura Mazda chose him to be a prophet

37. Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE: Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words
“Tree of Life”

38. Spread of Zoroastrianism
Religion of the Persian Empires and people that required good thoughts, good deeds, and good words.

39. Religion of Persia
The major religion of the Persian Empire was Zoroastrianism.
The origins are unclear
The text was the Gathas, or the hymns of Zoroastrianism
Written by Zoroaster (Zarathustra), who lived sometime between 1700 and 500 b.c.e
Zoroastrianism shows the existence of a dualistic universe in which the god of good, Ahuramazda, was locked in an epic struggle against the god of evil, Angra Mainyu
Zoroastrianism’s dualism may have had an influence on Judaism and thus on Christianity

40. Relief of two Persian Magi
This stone relief from Dascylium, headquarters of the Persian governor in northwest Anatolia, shows two magi wearing veils over their mouths and holding bundles of sticks used in the ceremony of sacrifice. The Persian kings and their subordinates were Zoroastrians, and it is likely that Zoroastrianism spread to the provinces, where significant numbers of Persians lived, and influenced the beliefs of other peoples. (Courtesy, Archaeological Museums of Istanbul)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

41. Detail from the first page from Artae Viraz Namak, the sacred Zoroastrian book. Founded by a Persian prophet, Zoroaster, in the 500's B.C., Zoroastrianism thrived as a religion in Persia from about 550 to 330 B.C. There were periods of revival in the following centuries, but the faith was largely eclipsed by the spread of Islam beginning in the 7th century A.D. Zoroastrianism today is practiced by a small minority in Iran and by a people called Parsis in India. The religion teaches a belief in one God, Ahura Mazda, who wages a struggle against the forces of evil.

42. Zend-Avesta (The “Book of Law”)
The “Sacred Fire”  the force to fight evil.

43. Teachings
Not strict monotheists though Ahura Mazda was supreme deity and creator of all good things
Six lesser deities
Angra Mainyu, “destructive spirit”
After 12,000 years of struggle, good would prevail over evil

44. Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil
Ahura Mazda “Holy Spirit”
Angra Mainyu “Destructive Spirit”

45. Teachings
Judgment Day, reward or punishment for thoughts, words and deeds
No renunciation of the world though
Honesty and truth

46. Popularity Wealthy donated land and built temples
Rulers claimed divine sanction for their rule
Most popular in current day Iran, but attracted others in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Egypt

47. Popularity When Alexander arrived, Zoroastrianism barely survived
Later, under Sasanids, it had a revival to the point of persecution of other faiths
Then Islam arrived and numbers of Zoroastrians dwindled

48. Shared Ideas
Omnipotent and beneficent deity was responsible for all creation
A purely evil being worked against the creator god
The forces of good will ultimately prevail over the power of evil after a climatic struggle

49. Shared Ideas
Human beings must strive to observe the highest moral standards
Individuals will undergo judgment
Heaven and hell

50. PERSIAN RELIGION Zarathustra and his faith The Gathas
Earliest Persian religion resembled that of the Aryans
Zoroastrianism, emerged from teachings of Zarathustra
The Gathas
Zoroastrian teachings, transmitted orally, many perished
Preserved later in writing, by magi
Compilation of the holy scriptures, Zend Avesta, under Sasanid dynasty
Zarathustra's own writing survived, known as Gathas
Zoroastrian teachings
Ahura Mazda as a supreme deity, with six lesser deities
Cosmic conflict between Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu (Ahriman, Shaitan)
Heavenly paradise and hellish realm as reward and punishment
The material world as a blessing
Moral formula: good words, good thoughts, good deeds
Popularity of Zoroastrianism
Attracted Persian aristocrats and ruling elites
Darius regarded Ahura Mazda as supreme God
The faith was most popular in Iran
Sizable followings in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Egypt, and other regions

51. Other Faiths in Persia
Judaism
Buddhism
Christianity
Manichaeism

52. RELIGIONS OF SALVATION
Zoroastrian community suffered during Alexander's invasion
Zoroastrianism was the official religion during Sasanid rule
The Zoroastrians' difficulties
Extreme rivalries with Christianity (Orthodox, Monophysites)
Arabs conquered Sasanid empire, seventh century C.E.
Some Zoroastrians fled to India
Remaining Zoroastrians converted to Islam
Few faithful Zoroastrians still exist in modern day Iran
Other faiths: Buddhism, Christianity, and Manichaeism
Influence of Zoroastrians
Influence on Jewish religion: belief in future reward and punishment
Influence on Christianity: concepts of heaven and hell
Later influenced Islam; one of Muhammad’s protected faiths

53. Bronze Age Greece
Archaic
Greece:
1650 BCE BCE

54. Early Development of Greek Society
Minoan Society
Island of Crete
Major city: Knossos C BCE center of maritime trade
Undeciphered syllabic alphabet (Linear A)
Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tidal waves
Foreign invasions
Foreign domination by 1100 BCE

55. Knossos: Minoan Civilization

56. Mycenaean Society
Indo-european invaders descend through Balkans into Peloponnesus, c BCE
Influenced by Minoan culture
Major settlement: Mycenae
Military expansion throughout region
Trojan war, c BCE
Homer’s The Iliad
Sequel: The Odyssey
Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE
Mycenaean civilization disappears

57. Greek Colonization Population expansion drives colonization
Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea
Sicily (Naples: “nea polis,” new city)
Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)
Anatolia
Southern Ukraine
Effects
Trade throughout region
Communication of ideas
Language, culture (ex. architecture)
Political and social effects

58. Contrasting Patriarchies: Athens and Sparta
1. Restriction on elite Athenian women: While Athens saw the expanding rights of male citizens and the formation of a democratic system of participation, elite Athenian women were subject to numerous legal and social restrictions. Indeed, they were not to be named or appear in public. Athens, home of Socrates and Plato, did not open education to women. Women were married off in their teens to men twice their age.
2. Aspasia (470–400 B.C.E.): This foreign born woman became the life companion of Athens’ greatest statesman, Pericles. While they never married, they lived together as husband and wife; however, she was not confined to the home, and Pericles treated her as an intellectual equal.
3. Obligations and freedoms of Spartan women: Sparta was the mirror opposite to Athens in many ways. As Sparta created a collective state system that stressed the military prowess of its citizens, the city emphasized physical fitness and toughness. Women were then expected also to be healthy and strong, participating in exercise and dancing. As they were out and about and very active, there were styles of dress that other Greeks found revealing and scandalous. Their main obligation was to produce lots of healthy children who would become strong warriors or child bearers for the state. Marriage ages in Sparta were generally equal.

59. Greek Language Borrowed Phoenician alphabet Added vowels
Complex language
“middle” voice
Allowed for communication of abstract ideas
Philosophy

60. Greek Economy Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes
Colonies further trade
Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy
Panhellenic Festivals
Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
Olympic Games begin 776 BCE
Sense of collective identity

61. Greek Philosophy The Socratic Method (Questions) Student: Plato
Socrates ( B.C.E.)
The Socratic Method (Questions)
Student: Plato
Public gadfly, condemned on charges of immorality
Forced to drink hemlock
Plato ( B.C.E.)
Systematized Socratic thought
The Republic
Parable of the Cave
Theory of Forms/Ideas
Aristotle ( B.C.E.)
Student of Plato
Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas
Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
Massive impact on western thought

62. Greek Religion Polytheism Zeus principal god Religious cults
Eleusinian mysteries
The Bacchae
Rituals eventually domesticated

63. Greek Drama Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals
Major playwrights (5th c. BCE)
Aeschylus
Sophocles
Euripides
Comedy: Aristophanes

64. Persian Wars: Famous Battles
Marathon (490 BCE)
26 miles from Athens
Thermopylae (480 BCE)
300 Spartans at the Mountain pass
Salamis (480 BCE)
Athenian navy victorious

65. A reconstruction of beached Persian ships at Marathon prior to the battle.

66. Hellenistic Philosophy
Epicureans
Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
Skeptics
Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
Stoics
Duty, virtue
Emphasis on inner peace

67. Phidias’ Acropolis

68. The Acropolis Today

69. The Parthenon

70. The Agora (Marketplace)

71. The Classical Greek “Ideal”

72. Greek Mythology: Olympia

73. The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

74. Olympia: Temple to Hera

75. The 2004 Olympics

76. "Hellenistic"
Greece:
324 BCE BCE

77. Alexander the Great

78. Alexander the Great in Persia

79. Alexander the Great’s Empire

80. The Economy of the Hellenistic World

82. ALEXANDER AND HIS SUCCESSORS
After Alexander’s death, competition for empire
Divided by generals
Antigonus: Greece and Macedon
Ptolemy: Egypt
Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire
Economic integration, Intellectual cross-fertilization

83. Hellenistic Empires Antigonid (Greece and Macedonia)
Smallest of Hellenistic Empires
Local dissent
Issue of land distribution
Heavy colonizing activity
Ptolemaic (Egypt)
Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
Established state monopolies
Textiles, Salt, Beer
Capital: Alexandria
Important port city
Major museum, library
Multi-ethnic population
Monuments
Seleucid (Persia)
Massive colonization of Greeks
Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India
Bactria
Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic

84. Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

85. Hellenistic Philosophers
Cynics  Diogenes
ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
Epicurians  Epicurus
avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided.

86. Hellenistic Philosophers
Stoics  Zeno
nature is the expansion of divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements.

87. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Scientists / Mathematicians:
Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.
Euclid  geometry
Archimedes  pulley
Hellenistic Art:
More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

88. https://www. youtube. com/watch
(Crash Course video on Alexander’s Empire

89. Friday Bell Ringer: 9/18/15 Read page 124 in textbook
Answer the following questions about change with a short answer response:
How did semi-democratic governments emerge in some of the Greek city-states?
How did the idea of “citizenship” develop and what were some examples of the roles a citizen might play in these Greek city-states?

90. Democracy 101: Overview
The Aristotelian Constitution of Athens, now in the British Library (Papyrus 131)

91. Ancient Greece Greece is a loose collection of individual city-states
That is, the primary political affiliation for people is to the city in which they live
The main political rivalry driving politics within the city was that rivalry between the rich and poor
The main political rivalry within the Greek cities was that between Athens and Sparta
The other political threat they faced was between the Greeks and the “barbarians” (anyone not Greek, particularly the Persians to the north)
Ancient Greece

92. Definition Democracy derives from the ancient Greek, “demokratia”:
demos = the people
kratien = to rule
Meant to distinguish the idea that it is the people collectively, not any class, family, or group that rules

93. Steps toward Democracy
Athenian “citizenship” was for wealthy and well born (aristocracy/oligarchy))
Solon (594 B.C.E.)– leader who pushed democratic direction in Athens
Political participation encouraged for all
Debt slavery was abolished
Pericles extended rights of citizens (men)
All holders of public office were paid
“The Assembly” became the center of political life
Direct Democracy created!

94. Definition Aristocracy: Rule by the best Monarchy: Rule by one person
Other types of government derived from Greek base:
Aristocracy: Rule by the best
Monarchy: Rule by one person
Oligarchy: Rule by the wealthy
Timocracy: Rule by the honorable
Tyranny: Rule by the rulers, for the rulers

95. Democratic Rule For “The People” to rule we need: Equality
how do we define that?
Freedom
Engagement
what type? and how?

96. Questions of Democracy
Who are “The People?”

97. Questions of Democracy
How do “the people” rule?

98. Questions of Democracy
How do we know what the people want?

99. Questions of Democracy
Why do we think “the People” will make good political decisions?
What areas should we allow the people to rule?

100. Doc 3.1 The Funeral Oration Pgs146-148(WHAP textbook)
Page 147 (TPS Activity) Document Analysis Questions 1-4