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REDOX Oxidation and Reduction Chapters 20 and 21
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What is redox? Examples Corrosion (Rusting) Spoiling of Food Voltaic Cells Batteries Electroplating
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What is redox? Examples Complete loss of electrons (ionic) Shift of electrons away from an atom in a covalent bond Gain oxygen Loss of hydrogen Increase in oxidation number Complete gain of electrons (ionic) Shift of electrons toward an atom in a covalent bond Loss of oxygen Gain of hydrogen Decrease in oxidation number OxidationReduction
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What is a redox reaction? Take the following reaction, as an example. Mg + O 2 MgO2 2 What type of reaction is this? Synthesis But we can also define this reaction as a redox reaction.
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What is a redox reaction? Oxidation When electrons are lost in a chemical reaction Reduction When electrons are gained in a chemical reaction LEO the Lion says “GER” GER – Gaining Electrons Recuction LEO – Losing Electrons Oxidation
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What is a redox reaction? In our reaction: Magnesium is being oxidized (losing electrons) Oxygen is being reduced (gaining electrons) The substance being reduced, is causing oxidation, and therefore, is the oxidizing agent The substance being oxidized, is causing reduction, and therefore, is the reducing agent
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Oxidation Numbers Oxidation Numbers Apparent numbers (charge) assigned to an atom of an element Show whether the element is gaining or losing electrons in a reaction Sometimes the oxidation number is not the same as the oxidation state (ex. Central atoms of a compound or molecule, that has a lower electronegativity than the surrounding atoms)
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Oxidation Numbers Rules for assigning oxidation numbers The oxidation number for an atom in its uncombined or elemental form is 0. Ex. Na(s) = 0 Cl 2 (g) = 0 The oxidation number for a monoatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion in its ionic form. Ex. Na +1 = +1Cl -1 = -1
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Oxidation Numbers Hydrogen is +1, except when it is bonded to a metal, to form a hydride. Then it is -1. Oxygen is usually -2, unless it is bonded to a more electonegative atom, like fluorine, or in the form of a peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) The sum of the oxidation numbers in a neutral compound or molecule, must be equal to 0. The sum of the oxidation numbers for a polyatomic ion, must be equal to the charge on the ion. Binary compounds of non-metals, the more electronegative atom gets the negative number.
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Changes to oxidation numbers in Chemical Reactions An increase in the oxidation number indicates oxidation (becoming more +) A decrease in the oxidation number indicates reduction (becoming more -) Which type of reaction (synthesis, decompostion, single displacement, double displacement) is not a redox reaction? Examples
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Practice Page 634 1 – 2 Page 638 3, 6, 7. a, c, e Page 641 9, 10 Page 643 15, 16
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Balancing – Using REDOX Identifying the reaction as a REDOX Reaction is the first step If the oxidation numbers change, then it is a redox reaction. Example There are two ways to balance reactions Using Oxidation Number changes Using Half Reactions
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Practice Page 649 19 Page 654 25 (but use the half reaction method) Page 661
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