1. Pictures Looping through pixels.

2. Lab Review (1) Objects  Instantiated from Class  Turtle myTut = new Turtle(myWorld);  new operator creates an instance of the class  Constructor Constructs (initializes) object Has same name as class May need to supply arguments as parameters

3. Lab Review (2) Methods  Send message to object by calling method myTut.turnLeft();  Argument can be supplied as a parameter myTut.forward(45);

4. Lab Review (3) /** * Draws a square with side width pixels at the current position * in the world. * * @param width length of the side */ public void drawSquare(int width) { //draw side one this.forward(width); // turn 90 deg counterclockwise this.turnLeft(); // draw side two … } For main program: /** This program draws uses the Turtle to draw nested squares. @author S. Sigman @version 2/4/2007 */

5. Lab Review (4) Using the Java packages require that the class or classes be made available to the compiler. import statement used to do this  import java.awt.Color;  Put at top of the file  import java.awt.*; makes all classes in java.awt available.

6. Problem Manipulate a digital image  make a picture brighter/darker  alter the color in a picture In computer science we must often start by learning about the domain in which we are writing programs.  Often requires us to learn more about our language

7. Digital Images How are images encoded? Basic Idea: Represent image as a 2- dimensional matrix of colored dots. Human Visual Perception  Humans have low visual acuity  We see color and luminance (black and white) using different neural pathways in our brain  Luminance is perceived with our peripheral vision

8. Digital Images - Arrays Arrays are a contiguous collections of cells homogeneous data where each cell is identified by an index. int [] score = {23, 25, 22, 25}; score[0] is 23; score[1] is 25; score[3] is ? Arrays are objects. The assignment above is a shorthand that hides the new operator. int [] grades = new int [10]; // declares and // allocates grades[0] = 35;

9. Digital Images – Matrices Matrices are 2-dimensional arrays In Java a matrix is an array of arrays An image has type: Pixel [][] pictData; 0 1 0123 Row Major Order pictData [r] [c] 0123 0 1 Column Major Order pictData [c] [r]

10. Digital Images - Color Visible light is continuous  Wavelength: 370 nm – 730 nm We have red, green, blue receptors  red peak: 560 nm  green peak: 550 nm  blue peak: 425 nm Color we see is based upon signals from recptors

11. Digital Images – Color Models RGB – Red Green Blue HSV – Hue Saturation and Value CMYK – Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black  Used by printers

12. Digital Image - RGP Three Channels  Red, Green, Blue  Value Range: 0 – 255  24 bit color 16 million colors Does not cover range of colors we perceive  32 bit color 16 million colors alpha channel – transparency

13. Creating an Image String fileName = FileChooser.pickAFile(); Picture pict = new Picture(fileName); // show the image pict.show(); // explore the image pict.expore();

14. Looking at Pixels Pixel pix = pict.getPixel(0,0); int xCord = pix.getX(); int yCord = pix.getY(); int redVal = pix.getRed(); pix.setRed(255); pix.setGreen(0); pix.setBlue(0); pict.repaint(); // must repaint to show // change

15. Looking at Pixels (2) Pixel [] imgData = pict.getPixels(); pict.getPixel(10,100).setColor(Color.black); pict.getPixel(11,100).setColor(Color.black); pict.getPixel(12,100).setColor(Color.black); pict.getPixel(13,100).setColor(Color.black); pict.repaint(); This process is a little laborious!!

16. Changing The Green Component For All Pixels Push the green component to 255 for all pixels. Algorithm  Get an array of pixels in image  For each pixel in the image set the green component to 255 How do we do the for each?

17. The For Each Loop Allows us to repeat a set of Java commands for each element in an array. Syntax  for (type variableName: array) statement;  for multiple statements enclose in { }

18. Method to Maximize Green public void maxGreen() { // get the pixels Pixel [] pixels = this.getPixels(); // set the pixels to max green for(Pixel curPix : pixels) { curPix.setGreen(255); }

19. While Loops Java provides other ways to construct loops While loop  loop while some condition is true  syntax while (test) statement;  Advice: always use braces

20. Maximize Green With a While Loop public void maxGreen() { // get the pixels Pixel [] pixels = this.getPixels(); // set the pixels to max green int curPos = 0; while (curPos < pixels.length) { pixels[curPos].setGreen(255); curPos++; // same as curPos = curPos + 1; }

21. For Loop Loop with a built-in counter – also called a counting loop Syntax  for (init; limit test; change) statement;  Advice: always use braces

22. Maximize Green With a For Loop public void maxGreen() { // get the pixels Pixel [] pixels = this.getPixels(); // set the pixels to max green for (int i=0;i < pixels.length; i++) { pixels[i].setGreen(255); }

23. Scope For loop from previous slide for (int i=0;i < pixels.length; i++) { pixels[i].setGreen(255); } Where is i’s value know? Just inside the block the defines the body of the loop. This is i’s scope. Look at scope in Picture. Principle: Variables scope should be as small as possible. Called localization.