1. FDR: Depression, New Deal

2. Wealthy NY family Wealthy NY family Cousin of TR (Republican), whom he admired greatly, as a Progressive Cousin of TR (Republican), whom he admired greatly, as a Progressive Harvard educated, Joined Democrats, NY legislature, Assist Sec of Navy Harvard educated, Joined Democrats, NY legislature, Assist Sec of Navy Ran as Cox’s running mate in 1920 – lost to Harding. Ran as Cox’s running mate in 1920 – lost to Harding. Paralyzed from polio in 1921- dropped out of politics Paralyzed from polio in 1921- dropped out of politics Taught him “patience, tolerance, compassion, strength of will”: regained the power of his upper body, only: was able to “walk” with aid of crutches, braces, assistance from his sons, or rode in a wheelchair Taught him “patience, tolerance, compassion, strength of will”: regained the power of his upper body, only: was able to “walk” with aid of crutches, braces, assistance from his sons, or rode in a wheelchair Returned to politics in 1928, spoke at nomination of Smith to run against Hoover – then elected Gov. of NY Returned to politics in 1928, spoke at nomination of Smith to run against Hoover – then elected Gov. of NY

3. Great Depression 3.1B FDR with young polio victim

4. 1932: won Democratic Party nomination over Al Smith, to oppose Hoover 1932: won Democratic Party nomination over Al Smith, to oppose Hoover Promised sweeping social and economic reform: pledged a “New Deal for the American people," a New Deal for the "forgotten man” Promised sweeping social and economic reform: pledged a “New Deal for the American people," a New Deal for the "forgotten man” Didn’t reveal any details at this stage / kept it vague, but promised huge Federal Government Intervention / direct Fed. Govt. action / direct relief / regulation…abandon Laissez Faire Economics Didn’t reveal any details at this stage / kept it vague, but promised huge Federal Government Intervention / direct Fed. Govt. action / direct relief / regulation…abandon Laissez Faire Economics Upbeat, happy, optimistic, charismatic personality, impressive speaker, in contrast to the grim, dour Hoover Upbeat, happy, optimistic, charismatic personality, impressive speaker, in contrast to the grim, dour Hoover “Happy Days are Here Again” was the theme song of his campaign “Happy Days are Here Again” was the theme song of his campaign Skillfully handled the press, answering their questions in his frequent press conferences (they kept his secret about polio / disability from the public) Skillfully handled the press, answering their questions in his frequent press conferences (they kept his secret about polio / disability from the public)

5. Great Depression 3.1C FDR in a parade

6. Great Depression 3.1AMontage of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

7. Benefited from the activities and popularity of his wife, Eleanor…an active Progressive: member of Women’s Trade Union league and League of Women Voters; supported end to child labor, improved health care, better conditions in state hospitals Benefited from the activities and popularity of his wife, Eleanor…an active Progressive: member of Women’s Trade Union league and League of Women Voters; supported end to child labor, improved health care, better conditions in state hospitals She was, in part, his social conscience, his eyes and ears for the suffering of the less well off and disadvantaged (though their personal relationship was strained due to his extra-marital affairs) She was, in part, his social conscience, his eyes and ears for the suffering of the less well off and disadvantaged (though their personal relationship was strained due to his extra-marital affairs) Won 1932 election by a landslide FDR; 472 - 59 electoral votes (would any Democratic candidate have won the election?– this is why Al Smith was so upset that FDR won the nomination over him); Won 1932 election by a landslide FDR; 472 - 59 electoral votes (would any Democratic candidate have won the election?– this is why Al Smith was so upset that FDR won the nomination over him); Democrats controlled both houses of Congress too – a big advantage Democrats controlled both houses of Congress too – a big advantage

8. Great Depression 3.3F Eleanor Roosevelt (center)

9. Won a big majority of African American votes – the first Democrat to do so Won a big majority of African American votes – the first Democrat to do so Voter realignment: African Americans rejected party of Lincoln / Emancipation because of Hoover’s inaction and seeming indifference to the suffering of ordinary people, esp. minorities (Republicans had become the party of big business) Voter realignment: African Americans rejected party of Lincoln / Emancipation because of Hoover’s inaction and seeming indifference to the suffering of ordinary people, esp. minorities (Republicans had become the party of big business) Inauguration: “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” Inauguration: “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself” Initiated radio “fire-side chats” to explain what he was doing / Govt. policy, in simple language people could understand, and by so doing to build public confidence in his admin. Initiated radio “fire-side chats” to explain what he was doing / Govt. policy, in simple language people could understand, and by so doing to build public confidence in his admin. One of his first reforms - reduce the “lame duck period” from March to January 20 th (20 th Amend, 1933) One of his first reforms - reduce the “lame duck period” from March to January 20 th (20 th Amend, 1933)

10. Great Depression 3.3E From the party of Lincoln to the party of Roosevelt

11. To work out the details of Fed. Govt. action he put together a “Braintrust”: inc. Democrats, Republicans, college professors, Progressive Reformers…African Americans, Jewish, Catholics, women (Frances Perkins was app. Sec of Labor – first ever women to serve in a Cabinet position)…the most diverse group assembled in US History to advise a President or Govt. To work out the details of Fed. Govt. action he put together a “Braintrust”: inc. Democrats, Republicans, college professors, Progressive Reformers…African Americans, Jewish, Catholics, women (Frances Perkins was app. Sec of Labor – first ever women to serve in a Cabinet position)…the most diverse group assembled in US History to advise a President or Govt. From their input began a flurry of activity over the next 100 days: 15 pieces of legislation (most ever in such a short period) setting up numerous agencies and projects and initiatives From their input began a flurry of activity over the next 100 days: 15 pieces of legislation (most ever in such a short period) setting up numerous agencies and projects and initiatives

12. Great Depression 3.1F FDR at his Desk

13. Democratic Congress approved of everything: big advantage – gave FDR a blank check (executive and legislative powers?) Democratic Congress approved of everything: big advantage – gave FDR a blank check (executive and legislative powers?) One of his first goals was to restore public confidence in the banking system One of his first goals was to restore public confidence in the banking system Passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act Passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act The banking crisis was at fever pitch - about 9,000 banks collapsing since 1929; depositors continued to withdraw money from those that remained open The banking crisis was at fever pitch - about 9,000 banks collapsing since 1929; depositors continued to withdraw money from those that remained open

14. The Act closed the banks for four days (March 6 to 10) - a Bank Holiday. The Act closed the banks for four days (March 6 to 10) - a Bank Holiday. The bill provided for the inspection of all banks by the Treasury Dept. before they would be allowed to be reopened. Federal assistance would be given to some troubled banks and those in greatest difficulty would be thoroughly reorganized….. Bank Regulation by Govt. / Fed Reserve.. The bill provided for the inspection of all banks by the Treasury Dept. before they would be allowed to be reopened. Federal assistance would be given to some troubled banks and those in greatest difficulty would be thoroughly reorganized….. Bank Regulation by Govt. / Fed Reserve.. Only stable, safe banks, on a sound-footing would be allowed to reopen: restore public confidence; get people to save with the banks again: savings became loans Only stable, safe banks, on a sound-footing would be allowed to reopen: restore public confidence; get people to save with the banks again: savings became loans

15. Explained to the public, in Fireside Chats, what the Act hoped to achieve: told an audience of 35m that "it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress". Explained to the public, in Fireside Chats, what the Act hoped to achieve: told an audience of 35m that "it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress". Succeeded in winning public confidence: 75% of the banks reopened within the next three days, and $1b in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month Succeeded in winning public confidence: 75% of the banks reopened within the next three days, and $1b in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month For the first time since the Crash the amount of money saved in banks exceeded the amount of money withdrawn. The immediate banking crisis was over For the first time since the Crash the amount of money saved in banks exceeded the amount of money withdrawn. The immediate banking crisis was over

16. FDR now began to formulate and implement more of his New Deal FDR now began to formulate and implement more of his New Deal Based on an interventionist philosophy: Federal Govt. involvement / responsibility in Economic / Social issues: movement away from Laissez Faire of previous administrations / regulation: trial and error if necessary, but definite intervention Based on an interventionist philosophy: Federal Govt. involvement / responsibility in Economic / Social issues: movement away from Laissez Faire of previous administrations / regulation: trial and error if necessary, but definite intervention

17. Relief, Recovery, Reform New Deal can be divided into programs / initiatives for New Deal can be divided into programs / initiatives for Relief (immediate / short term / for the unemployed): FERA, CCC, PWA, CWA.. Relief (immediate / short term / for the unemployed): FERA, CCC, PWA, CWA.. Recovery (long-term / to stimulate the Economy), NRA, AAA, HOLC, TVA Recovery (long-term / to stimulate the Economy), NRA, AAA, HOLC, TVA Reform (permanent / to prevent such a serious Crash and Economic Depression occurring again) Truth in Securities, SEC, Glass Steagall, FDIC Reform (permanent / to prevent such a serious Crash and Economic Depression occurring again) Truth in Securities, SEC, Glass Steagall, FDIC

18. Relief Federal Emergency Relief Act / Administration (FERA) Federal Emergency Relief Act / Administration (FERA) At first given $500m - eventually reaching $3billion - to be distributed by this new agency FERA At first given $500m - eventually reaching $3billion - to be distributed by this new agency FERA Money given to state and voluntary local relief agencies who were under so much pressure, to provide food / soup Money given to state and voluntary local relief agencies who were under so much pressure, to provide food / soup And to cities and states to begin public works projects And to cities and states to begin public works projects And to cities to provide dole payments to the unemployed And to cities to provide dole payments to the unemployed

19. FERA was to be headed by Harry Hopkins, a former social worker, one of FDR's close friends and advisor FERA was to be headed by Harry Hopkins, a former social worker, one of FDR's close friends and advisor FERA sprung into action and distributed $5m in just two hours FERA sprung into action and distributed $5m in just two hours Critics urged FDR / Hopkins not to give away Fed. Govt. money so quickly: Hopkins replied that - "people don't eat in the long run - they have to eat every day” Critics urged FDR / Hopkins not to give away Fed. Govt. money so quickly: Hopkins replied that - "people don't eat in the long run - they have to eat every day” Dole payments were criticized by Hoover, others – would kill incentive, initiative to find jobs, destroy human dignity…. Dole payments were criticized by Hoover, others – would kill incentive, initiative to find jobs, destroy human dignity…. FDR also had reservations but intended dole to be temporary – eventually he hoped to take people off the dole through creating jobs FDR also had reservations but intended dole to be temporary – eventually he hoped to take people off the dole through creating jobs

20. Job creation would come through Federal agencies such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps ) Job creation would come through Federal agencies such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps ) One of the most popular of the New Deal agencies. It put hundreds of thousands of unemployed restless wandering urban young men to work on environmental projects – reforestation, flood control, and conservation. One of the most popular of the New Deal agencies. It put hundreds of thousands of unemployed restless wandering urban young men to work on environmental projects – reforestation, flood control, and conservation. Members of the CCC lived in barracks / camps in national parks and forests and followed a strict, semi-military schedule….for the purpose of discipline – criticized for “militarizing young men” Members of the CCC lived in barracks / camps in national parks and forests and followed a strict, semi-military schedule….for the purpose of discipline – criticized for “militarizing young men” Room and board and monthly salary of $30 provided to each worker; usually sent back to wife and family. Room and board and monthly salary of $30 provided to each worker; usually sent back to wife and family.

21. Great Depression 3.1E Young Americans working in the Civilian Conservation Corps

22. Also among the first recruits were the veterans of the Bonus Army Also among the first recruits were the veterans of the Bonus Army By the time it ended, the CCC provided jobs for over 3m (not simultaneously) By the time it ended, the CCC provided jobs for over 3m (not simultaneously) Another agency was the Public Works Admin (PWA), under Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes: same goal - to provide jobs for the unemployed through public works projects Another agency was the Public Works Admin (PWA), under Secretary of the Interior, Harold Ickes: same goal - to provide jobs for the unemployed through public works projects Given $4b – eventually carried out 34,000 public works projects, employing 4m people: building schools and dams, refurbishing govt. buildings, improving highways Given $4b – eventually carried out 34,000 public works projects, employing 4m people: building schools and dams, refurbishing govt. buildings, improving highways

23. revitalized the economies of entire communities throughout the US: gave work to local workers, contracts to local businesses providing materials, supplies.. stimulated industry and spurred economic recovery revitalized the economies of entire communities throughout the US: gave work to local workers, contracts to local businesses providing materials, supplies.. stimulated industry and spurred economic recovery another agency to provide jobs was the Civil Works Administration (CWA) - provide temporary relief during winter - jobs raking leaves, clearing snow etc.. eventually came under jurisdiction of the FERA another agency to provide jobs was the Civil Works Administration (CWA) - provide temporary relief during winter - jobs raking leaves, clearing snow etc.. eventually came under jurisdiction of the FERA Huge contrast to Hoover’s Response Huge contrast to Hoover’s Response

24. Recovery The National Industrial Recovery Act / Administration (NIRA / NRA) was passed to get industrialists in the same line of business to co-operate about production quotas, quality, codes, prices, fair competition…to self- regulate….anti-trust legislation / govt. regulation would be relaxed The National Industrial Recovery Act / Administration (NIRA / NRA) was passed to get industrialists in the same line of business to co-operate about production quotas, quality, codes, prices, fair competition…to self- regulate….anti-trust legislation / govt. regulation would be relaxed Goal was to get factories producing / expanding again, by providing opportunities for reasonable profits for business Goal was to get factories producing / expanding again, by providing opportunities for reasonable profits for business

25. And to create jobs – help with cooperation between industrialists and labor unions about recognition of unions, collective bargaining, fair wages, hours, conditions, ending child labor….preventing costly strikes And to create jobs – help with cooperation between industrialists and labor unions about recognition of unions, collective bargaining, fair wages, hours, conditions, ending child labor….preventing costly strikes NRA claimed to have created 2m jobs NRA claimed to have created 2m jobs FDR called it the most important and far reaching legislation ever passed by Congress. FDR called it the most important and far reaching legislation ever passed by Congress. Business leaders hailed it as the beginning of a new era of cooperation between govt. and industry and Labor leaders praised it as a "second Magna Carta" for workers. There was, it seemed, something in the bill for everyone Business leaders hailed it as the beginning of a new era of cooperation between govt. and industry and Labor leaders praised it as a "second Magna Carta" for workers. There was, it seemed, something in the bill for everyone

26. Industrialists joined voluntarily; huge propaganda / publicity campaign to encourage them to do so Industrialists joined voluntarily; huge propaganda / publicity campaign to encourage them to do so Meetings, parades to generate enthusiasm /support; NRA adopted as its symbol the Blue Eagle (NFL team; Philadelphia Eagles) – displayed by businesses who joined Meetings, parades to generate enthusiasm /support; NRA adopted as its symbol the Blue Eagle (NFL team; Philadelphia Eagles) – displayed by businesses who joined NRA encouraged people to purchase from businesses displaying the Blue Eagle NRA encouraged people to purchase from businesses displaying the Blue Eagle However, small business owners soon began to complain that big business dominated the NRA, set codes, standards that they could not meet which forced them to shut down However, small business owners soon began to complain that big business dominated the NRA, set codes, standards that they could not meet which forced them to shut down

27. Labor unions also complained that the NRA did not bring about very many improvements for workers …began to disaffiliate….frequent strikes in 1934 Labor unions also complained that the NRA did not bring about very many improvements for workers …began to disaffiliate….frequent strikes in 1934 After 2 yrs of Success (limited?) it wd be overturned / declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court After 2 yrs of Success (limited?) it wd be overturned / declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court Schechter Case - Sick Chicken Case: Supreme Court ruled that the attempt to shut down a NY poultry business was a violation of the Inter State Commerce Clause and that the NRA gave the President unconstitutional legislative Powers Schechter Case - Sick Chicken Case: Supreme Court ruled that the attempt to shut down a NY poultry business was a violation of the Inter State Commerce Clause and that the NRA gave the President unconstitutional legislative Powers

28. Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933, set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933, set up the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Basically to offer to farmers what the NRA offered to industry; to regulate production of 7 basic items - wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy products Basically to offer to farmers what the NRA offered to industry; to regulate production of 7 basic items - wheat, cotton, corn, hogs, rice, tobacco, dairy products To reduce the food supply and increase prices / profits: less is more: to create "subsidized scarcity" To reduce the food supply and increase prices / profits: less is more: to create "subsidized scarcity" The AAA would decide on production limits, and pay farmers subsidies for leaving their land idle The AAA would decide on production limits, and pay farmers subsidies for leaving their land idle Subsidies were to be funded by a tax on food processors Subsidies were to be funded by a tax on food processors

29. Crops were already planted for the 1933 season: AAA oversaw the large scale destruction of existing crops and livestock to reduce surpluses: 6m pigs, tons of wheat, corn……destroyed Crops were already planted for the 1933 season: AAA oversaw the large scale destruction of existing crops and livestock to reduce surpluses: 6m pigs, tons of wheat, corn……destroyed Critics called it "sinful waste“ – should have been distributed to the poor / unemployed? Critics called it "sinful waste“ – should have been distributed to the poor / unemployed? Great success: prices increased by half between 1933 and 1936: farmers (those who had not lost their land) saw profits / income improve for the first time in 20 yrs…. the agricultural economy was stabilized Great success: prices increased by half between 1933 and 1936: farmers (those who had not lost their land) saw profits / income improve for the first time in 20 yrs…. the agricultural economy was stabilized

30. Govt. made loans available to farmers to pay their mortgages through the AAA, and the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), (later the FHA was also set up) Govt. made loans available to farmers to pay their mortgages through the AAA, and the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), (later the FHA was also set up) Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act suspended mortgage foreclosure for 5 yrs, mainly in the Dust Bowl areas Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act suspended mortgage foreclosure for 5 yrs, mainly in the Dust Bowl areas The Resettlement Administration helped farmers to move to new, more profitable lands, out of the Dust Bowl region The Resettlement Administration helped farmers to move to new, more profitable lands, out of the Dust Bowl region But eventually the AAA would meet the same fate as the NRA - declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935...- the tax on food processors was illegal / unconstitutional But eventually the AAA would meet the same fate as the NRA - declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935...- the tax on food processors was illegal / unconstitutional

31.  Another New Deal recovery program was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). Was an unprecedented experiment in regional development and public planning, in a very poor region Was an unprecedented experiment in regional development and public planning, in a very poor region Built dams along the Tennessee River (total of 25) - the biggest one at Muscle Shoals - to generate inexpensive electricity Built dams along the Tennessee River (total of 25) - the biggest one at Muscle Shoals - to generate inexpensive electricity Also engaged in helping with fishing, manufacture of fertilizer, tourism, begin reforestation, helped farmers to improve productivity through using machinery, preventing flooding, soil erosion… Also engaged in helping with fishing, manufacture of fertilizer, tourism, begin reforestation, helped farmers to improve productivity through using machinery, preventing flooding, soil erosion…

32. Huge boost to the region: generated thousands of jobs Huge boost to the region: generated thousands of jobs Like NRA and AAA, was criticized by some: by Like NRA and AAA, was criticized by some: by Some farmers whose lands were flooded due to the new dams Some farmers whose lands were flooded due to the new dams Some local businessmen, producers of electricity, fertilizers, who could not compete with new reduced prices Some local businessmen, producers of electricity, fertilizers, who could not compete with new reduced prices Some minorities who charged that there was discrimination in hiring by the TVA Some minorities who charged that there was discrimination in hiring by the TVA Some Conservatives who accused the govt. of engaging in “creeping Socialism” Some Conservatives who accused the govt. of engaging in “creeping Socialism”

33. Alphabet Soup Relief – FERA, CCC, PWA, CWA Relief – FERA, CCC, PWA, CWA Recovery – NRA, AAA, HOLC, TVA Recovery – NRA, AAA, HOLC, TVA Derisively called FDR’s “alphabet soup” by the bitter Al Smith Derisively called FDR’s “alphabet soup” by the bitter Al Smith Huge contrast to Hoover’s response Huge contrast to Hoover’s response

34. Great Depression 3.1G Dr. New Deal

35. Reform Reform of Stock Market Reform of Stock Market The Truth in Securities Act was designed to eliminate fraud in the stock market. Under this law, a company that deliberately deceived investors about its financial status could be sued. Promoters / Stock Brokers had to give investors sworn information about the stock The Truth in Securities Act was designed to eliminate fraud in the stock market. Under this law, a company that deliberately deceived investors about its financial status could be sued. Promoters / Stock Brokers had to give investors sworn information about the stock Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) In 1934 Congress went even further and established the SEC to regulate / police / be a watchdog over the stock market. Hoped to prevent the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) In 1934 Congress went even further and established the SEC to regulate / police / be a watchdog over the stock market. Hoped to prevent the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street Crash of 1929

36. Reform of Banking System Reform of Banking System The Glass Steagall Act prohibited banks from investing savings deposits in the stock market, which was too unpredictable to assure the safety of these funds. The Glass Steagall Act prohibited banks from investing savings deposits in the stock market, which was too unpredictable to assure the safety of these funds. It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits up to $2,500, later increased to $5000 - by the 1939 this was raised to $15,000 - it is now $100,000 - in all member banks. It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits up to $2,500, later increased to $5000 - by the 1939 this was raised to $15,000 - it is now $100,000 - in all member banks. These two reforms led to even more confidence being regained in the banking system (with Emergence Banking Relief Act) feeling that deposits would be safe These two reforms led to even more confidence being regained in the banking system (with Emergence Banking Relief Act) feeling that deposits would be safe

37. FDR also Repealed 18 th Prohibition Amendment in 1933, as he had promised in his election campaign, with 21st Amendment FDR also Repealed 18 th Prohibition Amendment in 1933, as he had promised in his election campaign, with 21st Amendment Hoped to increase in Fed govt. revenues from taxes, as well as put an end to disorder due to gangsters, and provide employment opportunities, as well as protect Civil Liberties Hoped to increase in Fed govt. revenues from taxes, as well as put an end to disorder due to gangsters, and provide employment opportunities, as well as protect Civil Liberties

38. Impact of the New Deal Economy began to recover Economy began to recover By 1934: the national income rose by 25%, hundreds of businesses re-opened, farming incomes increased, millions of people who had been unemployed were receiving relief /dole or working on federally funded jobs By 1934: the national income rose by 25%, hundreds of businesses re-opened, farming incomes increased, millions of people who had been unemployed were receiving relief /dole or working on federally funded jobs But the Depression was still deep and serious and there was a long way to go But the Depression was still deep and serious and there was a long way to go On average workers in the cities made 13% less than they had made in 1929 On average workers in the cities made 13% less than they had made in 1929 10m workers were still unemployed. 10m workers were still unemployed. Farm prices lagged 28% behind 1929 prices. Farm prices lagged 28% behind 1929 prices. Nearly 20% of the working pop was still unemployed Nearly 20% of the working pop was still unemployed

39. Some groups were very critical of FDR /New Deal – some felt he did too little, some felt he did too much Some groups were very critical of FDR /New Deal – some felt he did too little, some felt he did too much Small businesses criticized the NRA Small businesses criticized the NRA Labor groups felt industrialists benefited more…strikes in auto and steel industries Labor groups felt industrialists benefited more…strikes in auto and steel industries Tenant Famers; evicted: their rented land left idle to help farmers qualify for subsidy Tenant Famers; evicted: their rented land left idle to help farmers qualify for subsidy Conservatives / Businessmen criticized heavy “reckless spending,” reliance on "economic crackpots", and “socialist policies,” for too much govt. intervention; formed American Liberty League to oppose his policies Conservatives / Businessmen criticized heavy “reckless spending,” reliance on "economic crackpots", and “socialist policies,” for too much govt. intervention; formed American Liberty League to oppose his policies Supreme Court: pro-business, Republican; shut down NRA and AAA Supreme Court: pro-business, Republican; shut down NRA and AAA

40. Claimed he was saving Capitalism by Reforming it…his policies were not radical, they evolved from the Progressive Years

41. 3 Popular Leaders / Demagogues emerged with critical views 3 Popular Leaders / Demagogues emerged with critical views Dr. Francis Townshend; 66 yr old retired CA doctor from Long Beach, had just become bankrupt; came up with a radical plan to aid senior citizens while at the same time stimulating the economy Dr. Francis Townshend; 66 yr old retired CA doctor from Long Beach, had just become bankrupt; came up with a radical plan to aid senior citizens while at the same time stimulating the economy Every person over the age of 60 would be asked to retire, freeing up jobs for younger people. Each retired person would receive a federal pension of $200 a month – funded by a 2% special sales tax - on the condition that the entire sum of money was spent in 30 days Every person over the age of 60 would be asked to retire, freeing up jobs for younger people. Each retired person would receive a federal pension of $200 a month – funded by a 2% special sales tax - on the condition that the entire sum of money was spent in 30 days

42. He claimed that the pension would rescue the elderly from poverty, and enforced spending would act as a transfusion of cash into the economy He claimed that the pension would rescue the elderly from poverty, and enforced spending would act as a transfusion of cash into the economy Ideas were popular among elderly: supposedly had a following of 5m, showing the level of discontent with their exclusion from the New Deal Ideas were popular among elderly: supposedly had a following of 5m, showing the level of discontent with their exclusion from the New Deal Plan defeated by Congress in 1935…impractical, too expensive Plan defeated by Congress in 1935…impractical, too expensive But some of his ideas were later incorporated in the Social Security system But some of his ideas were later incorporated in the Social Security system

43. Fr. Charles Coughlin; a maverick Roman Catholic priest from Detroit, dubbed the "microphone messiah“ – had a weekly radio sermon-show: 40m listeners; largest radio show in the US Fr. Charles Coughlin; a maverick Roman Catholic priest from Detroit, dubbed the "microphone messiah“ – had a weekly radio sermon-show: 40m listeners; largest radio show in the US Described as a Demagogue - leader who gains power by appealing to peoples prejudices and fears rather than to reason; blamed the Depression on the Jews, in particular Jewish Bankers; strongly anti-Semitic Described as a Demagogue - leader who gains power by appealing to peoples prejudices and fears rather than to reason; blamed the Depression on the Jews, in particular Jewish Bankers; strongly anti-Semitic Supported New Deal at first, then turned on the Govt. for doing too little Supported New Deal at first, then turned on the Govt. for doing too little Called for a new plan of "Social Justice"...through: Called for a new plan of "Social Justice"...through:

44. nationalizing the banks, free silver, increased money supply, redistributed of wealth nationalizing the banks, free silver, increased money supply, redistributed of wealth formed the National Union for Social Justice, made impassioned speeches at public meetings – attracted sizeable support in Eastern cities and among some members of Congress formed the National Union for Social Justice, made impassioned speeches at public meetings – attracted sizeable support in Eastern cities and among some members of Congress eventually silenced by the Catholic Church: embarrassed because of his blatant anti-Semitism and harsh remarks about the govt. eventually silenced by the Catholic Church: embarrassed because of his blatant anti-Semitism and harsh remarks about the govt. Faded from limelight – often accused of having Fascist leanings? Faded from limelight – often accused of having Fascist leanings?

45. Senator Huey P. Long (nicknamed the "Kingfish“); Governor of Louisiana: dominated politics like an old machine boss / dictator: Senator Huey P. Long (nicknamed the "Kingfish“); Governor of Louisiana: dominated politics like an old machine boss / dictator: Considered the most dangerous of the “demagogues” Considered the most dangerous of the “demagogues” Yet, was very popular with voters in Louisiana; attracted by his flamboyant personality, record of accomplishments for working classes – fair tax system, free text books, lowering utility rates, building schools in poorer areas, building roads and bridges in parts of the city previously neglected. Yet, was very popular with voters in Louisiana; attracted by his flamboyant personality, record of accomplishments for working classes – fair tax system, free text books, lowering utility rates, building schools in poorer areas, building roads and bridges in parts of the city previously neglected.

46. Great Depression 3.3A Huey Long campaigning

47. Elected to US Senate in 1930: at first supported FDR, then broke with him. Elected to US Senate in 1930: at first supported FDR, then broke with him. He launched his own program called "Share Our Wealth", with the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown". He launched his own program called "Share Our Wealth", with the slogan, "Every man a king, but no one wears a crown". Proposed that the govt. limit all incomes to $1m annually, limit capital accumulation and inheritance to $5m Proposed that the govt. limit all incomes to $1m annually, limit capital accumulation and inheritance to $5m Through confiscation and redistribution Govt. should provide every US family with a minimum of a $5,000 home, and an annual income of between $2,500 to $5,000. Through confiscation and redistribution Govt. should provide every US family with a minimum of a $5,000 home, and an annual income of between $2,500 to $5,000.

48. Attracted a following of about 4m Attracted a following of about 4m Considered challenging FDR for the Democratic Party nomination or running for Pres as a third party candidate. Considered challenging FDR for the Democratic Party nomination or running for Pres as a third party candidate. But was assassinated in 1935 But was assassinated in 1935 All three - Townshend, Coughlin, Long…not serious threats, not really Fascist, Socialist, Communist. All three - Townshend, Coughlin, Long…not serious threats, not really Fascist, Socialist, Communist. All wanted more Govt. assistance, involvement, reform programs to help the poor, unemployed, disadvantaged…all had visions of a more equitable, more just, society All wanted more Govt. assistance, involvement, reform programs to help the poor, unemployed, disadvantaged…all had visions of a more equitable, more just, society

49. Their specific movements / organizations did not succeed; were dubbed as crackpots or dreamers Their specific movements / organizations did not succeed; were dubbed as crackpots or dreamers But their significance was that they made FDR realize that he needed to keep on working to make things better: and some of their ideas would be incorporated in his second New Deal But their significance was that they made FDR realize that he needed to keep on working to make things better: and some of their ideas would be incorporated in his second New Deal Faced with continuing Depression and Criticism…..he introduced a Second New Deal in 1935…committed to be less concerned with balancing the budget and less concerned with the sensitivities of big business Faced with continuing Depression and Criticism…..he introduced a Second New Deal in 1935…committed to be less concerned with balancing the budget and less concerned with the sensitivities of big business

50. Second New Deal New Focus New Focus Upset by the criticism of big business he was determined to be less concerned about trying to please big business - as he had with the NRA – less tolerant of monopolies Upset by the criticism of big business he was determined to be less concerned about trying to please big business - as he had with the NRA – less tolerant of monopolies Determined to give more assistance to Labor, Youth, Elderly, Unemployed Determined to give more assistance to Labor, Youth, Elderly, Unemployed Determined to fully engage in Keynesian Economics: to stop worrying about balancing the budget; a planned deficit was ok: deficit increased from $20b in 1932, to $40b in 1937, to $258b in 1945 Determined to fully engage in Keynesian Economics: to stop worrying about balancing the budget; a planned deficit was ok: deficit increased from $20b in 1932, to $40b in 1937, to $258b in 1945

51. Great Depression 3.3B Caption (unseen): “Nonsense! If it gets too deep, you can always pull me out.”

52. In spite of the criticism, FDR easily won the Pres El of 1936, defeating Rep candidate Alfred Landon convincingly - a landslide: 523 to 8 In spite of the criticism, FDR easily won the Pres El of 1936, defeating Rep candidate Alfred Landon convincingly - a landslide: 523 to 8 Continued to win majority of African American votes, as in 1932 Continued to win majority of African American votes, as in 1932

53. Second New Deal Legislation; Second New Deal Legislation; 1935 - Works Progress Administration (WPA) - budget of $4.8 b - reached $11b – public works programs…building hospitals, schools, airports, playgrounds, to provide jobs 1935 - Works Progress Administration (WPA) - budget of $4.8 b - reached $11b – public works programs…building hospitals, schools, airports, playgrounds, to provide jobs WPA focused on using talents of professionals: unemployed teachers, artists, writers (Steinbeck), actors – employed in community: held workshops, seminars, tutoring WPA focused on using talents of professionals: unemployed teachers, artists, writers (Steinbeck), actors – employed in community: held workshops, seminars, tutoring Employed 9m over 8 yrs: great help in stimulating the Economy Employed 9m over 8 yrs: great help in stimulating the Economy

54. 1935 - National Youth Administration - assistance to those aged 16-25, largely in the form of assistance in getting jobs and with scholarship 1935 - National Youth Administration - assistance to those aged 16-25, largely in the form of assistance in getting jobs and with scholarship 1935 - The Social Security Act was passed; US was the only modern democracy in the world without some system of government welfare 1935 - The Social Security Act was passed; US was the only modern democracy in the world without some system of government welfare A landmark Act - one of the most far-reaching acts ever passed by Congress. Came about as a result of lobbying by Sec of Labor Frances Perkins, and the popularity of the Townshend movement. A landmark Act - one of the most far-reaching acts ever passed by Congress. Came about as a result of lobbying by Sec of Labor Frances Perkins, and the popularity of the Townshend movement.

55. This program instituted pensions for the elderly, the orphaned, the unemployed, the blind, physically handicapped, and those injured in industrial accidents. Fed. Govt. accepted direct responsibility for meeting the basic needs of its citizens This program instituted pensions for the elderly, the orphaned, the unemployed, the blind, physically handicapped, and those injured in industrial accidents. Fed. Govt. accepted direct responsibility for meeting the basic needs of its citizens Monthly Social Security payments ranged from $10 to $85. By 1939, 45m people were eligible for some payment. Monthly Social Security payments ranged from $10 to $85. By 1939, 45m people were eligible for some payment. Soc. Sec. became not so much a form of welfare payment as a type of insurance scheme - financed by employer, employee, govt. Soc. Sec. became not so much a form of welfare payment as a type of insurance scheme - financed by employer, employee, govt.

56. Republicans were opposed to it – it might take away incentive, like Dole payments Republicans were opposed to it – it might take away incentive, like Dole payments Flaws in the system in the beginning: millions of people did not qualify - domestic servants, agricultural laborers: many of these were often members of minority groups, or women….loop holes would be fixed later Flaws in the system in the beginning: millions of people did not qualify - domestic servants, agricultural laborers: many of these were often members of minority groups, or women….loop holes would be fixed later 1935 - The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations/Recovery Act) – to safeguard workers’ rights: restore rights of Clayton Anti Trust Act…collective bargaining, right to strike…. 1935 - The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations/Recovery Act) – to safeguard workers’ rights: restore rights of Clayton Anti Trust Act…collective bargaining, right to strike…. Set up a new federal agency, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to ensure that employers followed the new laws…to mediate in disputes Set up a new federal agency, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to ensure that employers followed the new laws…to mediate in disputes

57. The Fair Labor Standards Act forced businesses engaged in interstate commerce to pay a minimum wage laws, and have maximum work days (40c an hour and 40 hrs a week): Later introduced - no factory work for kids U.16 The Fair Labor Standards Act forced businesses engaged in interstate commerce to pay a minimum wage laws, and have maximum work days (40c an hour and 40 hrs a week): Later introduced - no factory work for kids U.16 1936, the Soil Conservation Act and the Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 – basically re- created the AAA 1936, the Soil Conservation Act and the Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 – basically re- created the AAA Farmers were paid subsidies to cut back on traditional crops and to instead plant soil conserving crops such as soybeans. Farmers were paid subsidies to cut back on traditional crops and to instead plant soil conserving crops such as soybeans. But now, the money for farm subsidies would come from the treasury not from a tax on food processing companies But now, the money for farm subsidies would come from the treasury not from a tax on food processing companies

58. 1935 - The Rural Electrification Act - (REA) lent money to groups of farmers who organized to build power plants. Utility companies had refused to build plants in some isolated rural areas - as a result, before the REA, fewer than one in ten US farms had electricity. By the late 1940s, however, electricity had been extended to 90% of the all farms 1935 - The Rural Electrification Act - (REA) lent money to groups of farmers who organized to build power plants. Utility companies had refused to build plants in some isolated rural areas - as a result, before the REA, fewer than one in ten US farms had electricity. By the late 1940s, however, electricity had been extended to 90% of the all farms 1935 - The Public Utilities Holding Company Act – govt. regulation of the utility companies - helped eliminate corruption and inefficiency and reduce consumer costs - they complained that the govt. was interfering too much in the private business. 1935 - The Public Utilities Holding Company Act – govt. regulation of the utility companies - helped eliminate corruption and inefficiency and reduce consumer costs - they complained that the govt. was interfering too much in the private business.

59. 1938 - The Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) - set up to consider major reforms of anti trust laws to end or regulate monopolies. 1938 - The Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC) - set up to consider major reforms of anti trust laws to end or regulate monopolies. 1935 - The Revenue Act - increased taxes on incomes of wealthy corporations and individuals. Convinced millions of Americans that the President was on their side – FDR’s popularity soared as the 1936 election neared 1935 - The Revenue Act - increased taxes on incomes of wealthy corporations and individuals. Convinced millions of Americans that the President was on their side – FDR’s popularity soared as the 1936 election neared 1935 - The US Housing Authority (USHA) was set up to loan money to states and communities for low cost housing reconstruction. Hoped to clear inner city slums - not as successful as was hoped - opposed by real estate agents and landlords of inner city slum dwellings.. 1935 - The US Housing Authority (USHA) was set up to loan money to states and communities for low cost housing reconstruction. Hoped to clear inner city slums - not as successful as was hoped - opposed by real estate agents and landlords of inner city slum dwellings..

60. Court Packing Scheme: super confident after his election victory: frustrated by overturn of NRA and AAA, and of 7 other laws Court Packing Scheme: super confident after his election victory: frustrated by overturn of NRA and AAA, and of 7 other laws Wanted to change the composition of the Supreme Court: introduced a Bill to increase the number of justices by 6, one for every justice over the age of 70 Wanted to change the composition of the Supreme Court: introduced a Bill to increase the number of justices by 6, one for every justice over the age of 70 Explained that he was trying to ease the workload of the aging justices, that the SC was far behind in its work. Explained that he was trying to ease the workload of the aging justices, that the SC was far behind in its work. Condemned even by his own party – proposal defeated Condemned even by his own party – proposal defeated

61. Accused of tampering with a sacred institution, trying to upset the balance of power between the 3 branches of government / the checks and balances system. Accused of tampering with a sacred institution, trying to upset the balance of power between the 3 branches of government / the checks and balances system. Republican critics accused him of having dictatorial tendencies (emergence of Mussolini, Hitler, Franco in Europe) Republican critics accused him of having dictatorial tendencies (emergence of Mussolini, Hitler, Franco in Europe) But served his purpose? Supreme Court never again overturned a New Deal agency or law: supported Wagner Act, Soc. Sec. Act - he decided to withdraw his proposal – was the court intimidated or shocked into reality? (Ex Parte Milligan) But served his purpose? Supreme Court never again overturned a New Deal agency or law: supported Wagner Act, Soc. Sec. Act - he decided to withdraw his proposal – was the court intimidated or shocked into reality? (Ex Parte Milligan)

62. Great Depression 3.3D

63. And during his presidency FDR was able to appoint a total of 9 justices - most by any president since Washington - due to retirements and deaths And during his presidency FDR was able to appoint a total of 9 justices - most by any president since Washington - due to retirements and deaths Eventually achieved what he wanted to achieve – created a liberal Supreme Court Eventually achieved what he wanted to achieve – created a liberal Supreme Court

64. Overall the two New Deals achieved a modest economic recovery for the US Overall the two New Deals achieved a modest economic recovery for the US Economy was inching its way along towards recovery: unemployment had dropped from 25% to 20% and now to 15%. Economy was inching its way along towards recovery: unemployment had dropped from 25% to 20% and now to 15%. But in 1937, the US was hit again with a mini-depression, caused by But in 1937, the US was hit again with a mini-depression, caused by 1. increased "taxes" to pay for Soc. Sec. system 1. increased "taxes" to pay for Soc. Sec. system 2. govt. cut back on spending in 1937 2. govt. cut back on spending in 1937

65. By 1938 the New Deal had lost its momentum. As a result the Democrats began to lose seats in Congress, though they still held a majority By 1938 the New Deal had lost its momentum. As a result the Democrats began to lose seats in Congress, though they still held a majority As the tensions in Europe and Asia grew, resulting in WWII, the New Deal slowly ground to a halt – would not be needed any more As the tensions in Europe and Asia grew, resulting in WWII, the New Deal slowly ground to a halt – would not be needed any more WWII saved the US from the Depression / ended it – first supplying Allied needs, then US war needs: “Dr Win The War replaced Dr New Deal”….war economy led to full employment, economy at full capacity again WWII saved the US from the Depression / ended it – first supplying Allied needs, then US war needs: “Dr Win The War replaced Dr New Deal”….war economy led to full employment, economy at full capacity again

66. FDR and New Deal FDR and New Deal Commitment of Fed. Gov. to large scale intervention in Economy and Society Commitment of Fed. Gov. to large scale intervention in Economy and Society Direct Unemployment Relief: Dole - FERA Direct Unemployment Relief: Dole - FERA Creation of Employment through government agencies - FERA, CCC, TVA, PWA…… Creation of Employment through government agencies - FERA, CCC, TVA, PWA…… Federal Government Regulation of Industrial Economy – NRA, Agricultural Economy – AAA, Financial Institutions: Banks and Stock Exchange Federal Government Regulation of Industrial Economy – NRA, Agricultural Economy – AAA, Financial Institutions: Banks and Stock Exchange

67. Legacy of the New Deal. Legacy of the New Deal. didn’t end the Depression, but had a number of important and lasting effects on US politics and the economy didn’t end the Depression, but had a number of important and lasting effects on US politics and the economy helped prevent the economy from declining even further helped prevent the economy from declining even further created a large array of protections for various groups of citizens who suffered from the crisis - workers, farmers – enabled them to establish the power of the corporations created a large array of protections for various groups of citizens who suffered from the crisis - workers, farmers – enabled them to establish the power of the corporations increased the regulatory functions of the federal govt. in ways that helped stabilize previously troubled areas of the economy…the stock market and the banking system. increased the regulatory functions of the federal govt. in ways that helped stabilize previously troubled areas of the economy…the stock market and the banking system. created the beginnings of the US welfare state, through its many relief programs and above all through the Soc Sec system. created the beginnings of the US welfare state, through its many relief programs and above all through the Soc Sec system.

68. This new system marked a historic break with the nation’s traditional reluctance to offer any public assistance whatever to troubled citizens. Govt. is accepting direct responsibility for the well being of its citizens. This new system marked a historic break with the nation’s traditional reluctance to offer any public assistance whatever to troubled citizens. Govt. is accepting direct responsibility for the well being of its citizens. break from Laissez Faire, return in some ways to the Progressivism of the pre-WW1 years. break from Laissez Faire, return in some ways to the Progressivism of the pre-WW1 years. Voter re-alignment: African American voters switched to Democrats: Democrats won the Presidency – identification with liberal policies afterwards; Republican party seen as the party of Big Business Voter re-alignment: African American voters switched to Democrats: Democrats won the Presidency – identification with liberal policies afterwards; Republican party seen as the party of Big Business

69. Great Depression 3.3C Caption: “Yes you remembered me”

70. FDR and Minorities - Women, African Americans, Native Americans FDR and Minorities - Women, African Americans, Native Americans Although his record on gender and race was mixed, to the nation's women and minority groups it was the most accessible and sympathetic administration in the nation's history. Although his record on gender and race was mixed, to the nation's women and minority groups it was the most accessible and sympathetic administration in the nation's history. He passed legislation, created programs that benefited all three groups – these are considered by some to be among the most important legacies of his New Deal. He passed legislation, created programs that benefited all three groups – these are considered by some to be among the most important legacies of his New Deal.

71. Women Gain Political Recognition Women Gain Political Recognition Eleanor Roosevelt set the tone for women’s rights when she only allowed women journalists to cover her weekly press conferences: during the Depression newspapers were cutting back on staff, women were the first to go Eleanor Roosevelt set the tone for women’s rights when she only allowed women journalists to cover her weekly press conferences: during the Depression newspapers were cutting back on staff, women were the first to go She felt that if she met only with women reporters, at least these women wd be retained by their employers She felt that if she met only with women reporters, at least these women wd be retained by their employers She advocated political recognition for women: they were in better positions to promote child welfare, education reform, fair labor standards, even world peace. She advocated political recognition for women: they were in better positions to promote child welfare, education reform, fair labor standards, even world peace. She worked to get women appointed to political posts. Role of women in govt. expanded substantially during the FDR admin She worked to get women appointed to political posts. Role of women in govt. expanded substantially during the FDR admin

72. Perkins: first female cabinet secretary; she pushed for a minimum wage for poorly paid women Perkins: first female cabinet secretary; she pushed for a minimum wage for poorly paid women FDR the first to appoint women to the Fed. appeals court, the first women ambassadors, and a woman as director of the mint. FDR the first to appoint women to the Fed. appeals court, the first women ambassadors, and a woman as director of the mint. Women were asked to serve as advisors in many New Deal agencies. Women were asked to serve as advisors in many New Deal agencies. In all, more than 100 women held positions in the federal govt. during FDR’s admin. In all, more than 100 women held positions in the federal govt. during FDR’s admin.

73. Yet, even in his admin. women still faced challenges: app. to govt. posts where they were least likely to lead to conflicts with men, with less influence than posts held by men. Yet, even in his admin. women still faced challenges: app. to govt. posts where they were least likely to lead to conflicts with men, with less influence than posts held by men. Women in the work force also experienced unfair treatment. NRA codes often granted women lower pay than men, even for the same job. Women in the work force also experienced unfair treatment. NRA codes often granted women lower pay than men, even for the same job. Many businesses refused to hire married women during the Depression, and married women whose husbands worked were often forced to resign their positions - one job per household – to free up jobs for men - unless these were secretarial or nursing jobs. Many businesses refused to hire married women during the Depression, and married women whose husbands worked were often forced to resign their positions - one job per household – to free up jobs for men - unless these were secretarial or nursing jobs.

74. African Americans Gain a Voice: African Americans Gain a Voice: re-alignment: switched allegiance to Democrats re-alignment: switched allegiance to Democrats at urging of Eleanor, FDR appointed African Americans to his admin. – usually minor positions at urging of Eleanor, FDR appointed African Americans to his admin. – usually minor positions had an informal Black Cabinet to keep him advised about African American issues had an informal Black Cabinet to keep him advised about African American issues leading spokesperson was Mary McLeod Bethune, head of the Negro Affairs Division of the National Youth Admin leading spokesperson was Mary McLeod Bethune, head of the Negro Affairs Division of the National Youth Admin Harold Ickes, Sec. of the Interior, worked closely with AA’s to improve race relations and passed along their concerns to FDR. Harold Ickes, Sec. of the Interior, worked closely with AA’s to improve race relations and passed along their concerns to FDR. He integrated his Dept, appointed several AA’s to key positions. He integrated his Dept, appointed several AA’s to key positions.

75. Under Ickes, the PWA allocated funds for the construction of hospitals, universities, and housing projects, in AA communities Under Ickes, the PWA allocated funds for the construction of hospitals, universities, and housing projects, in AA communities PWA building contracts also contained a clause requiring that the number of AA’s hired be at least equal in proportion to the number of AA’s in the local population. PWA building contracts also contained a clause requiring that the number of AA’s hired be at least equal in proportion to the number of AA’s in the local population. This practice would become a basis for civil rights legislation in the 60s and 70s This practice would become a basis for civil rights legislation in the 60s and 70s

76. Other New Deal agencies also greatly aided AA’s during the Depression: the WPA gave jobs to hundreds of thousands of AA’s: FERA and other relief agencies granted aid to 30% of all AA families Other New Deal agencies also greatly aided AA’s during the Depression: the WPA gave jobs to hundreds of thousands of AA’s: FERA and other relief agencies granted aid to 30% of all AA families FDR’s admin exceeded all previous admin’s in the number of AA’s that it appointed to govt. positions and in the amount of federal aid that it provided AA’s. FDR’s admin exceeded all previous admin’s in the number of AA’s that it appointed to govt. positions and in the amount of federal aid that it provided AA’s. But his personal attitude to equality for AA’s was equivocal. He failed to take a strong stand on Civil Rights issues. But his personal attitude to equality for AA’s was equivocal. He failed to take a strong stand on Civil Rights issues.

77. Did little to try to eliminate unfair hiring practices and discriminatory job conditions Did little to try to eliminate unfair hiring practices and discriminatory job conditions Some govt. agencies such as the TVA, often refused to hire black workers. Some govt. agencies such as the TVA, often refused to hire black workers. Other agencies hired but segregated – CCC Other agencies hired but segregated – CCC Armed forces were still segregated Armed forces were still segregated Failed to support a federal anti-lynching law, though he did condemn lynching; failed to support elimination of poll tax Failed to support a federal anti-lynching law, though he did condemn lynching; failed to support elimination of poll tax

78. was concerned with retaining the support of Southern white Democrats for the New Deal; didn’t want to alienate them was concerned with retaining the support of Southern white Democrats for the New Deal; didn’t want to alienate them he preferred slow, cautious change, rather than sudden change, in racial issues he preferred slow, cautious change, rather than sudden change, in racial issues

79. Native Americans Gain an Ally; Native Americans Gain an Ally; Native American’s were long subjected to discrimination and deprivation – ‘the most discriminated against minority” - Native Am families were the poorest in the nation. Native American’s were long subjected to discrimination and deprivation – ‘the most discriminated against minority” - Native Am families were the poorest in the nation. New Deal agencies and policies provided many Native American’s with jobs and aid. New Deal agencies and policies provided many Native American’s with jobs and aid. But they were also subjected to intense pressure to assimilate. But they were also subjected to intense pressure to assimilate.

80. The most significant New Deal legislation to aid Native Am’s was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, authored by John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, who set about reversing previous govt. policy The most significant New Deal legislation to aid Native Am’s was the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, authored by John Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, who set about reversing previous govt. policy His goal was to promote Native Am culture and preserve tribal ownership of reservation lands His goal was to promote Native Am culture and preserve tribal ownership of reservation lands Collier believed in cultural relativism - the idea that every culture should be accepted and respected on its own terms and that no culture was inherently superior to another.. Collier believed in cultural relativism - the idea that every culture should be accepted and respected on its own terms and that no culture was inherently superior to another..

81. The Indian Reorganization Act; The Indian Reorganization Act; prevented the govt. from seizing unclaimed reservation land and selling it off prevented the govt. from seizing unclaimed reservation land and selling it off Native Am tribes were given collective control of the land on their reservations and they were to decide how the land was used and managed. Native Am tribes were given collective control of the land on their reservations and they were to decide how the land was used and managed. Encouraged Native Am’s to set up their own govt.’s on their reservations – then the Bureau would provide the govt.’s with money to build schools and hospitals, and start businesses Encouraged Native Am’s to set up their own govt.’s on their reservations – then the Bureau would provide the govt.’s with money to build schools and hospitals, and start businesses Reversal of Dawes Act Reversal of Dawes Act

82. new measures were of benefit, but Native Am’s they continued to live in poor arid desert land, still remained the poorest segment of the population. new measures were of benefit, but Native Am’s they continued to live in poor arid desert land, still remained the poorest segment of the population.

83. See discussion questions for Chapters 32 and 33 (separate power point) See discussion questions for Chapters 32 and 33 (separate power point)