1. CABLING SYSTEM INSTALLATION

2. Installation Quality The quality of installation is the most serious problem in implementation of the telecommunications cabling systems designed for the high-speed applications support There is a special system of requirements and conditions to the installation of the cabling systems to preserve the primary transmission characteristics of individual components within the links, channels, and systems Whereas the rules of installation are the methods and accuracy of the component connections and cable organization and routing, the cabling rules are an important factor of the system capacity, simplifying the operation of the installed cabling systems

3. Installation Quality Significant reduction of the signal distortion may be achieved by the observance of the following requirements: –Usage of special methods of the cable preparation –Termination of the transmission media at the connecting hardware according to the manufacturer’s instructions –Ordered arrangement of the cable bundles –Correct spatial orientation of the connecting hardware –Observance of the installation rules and manufacturer’s requirements to the installation of the telecommunications connecting hardware.

4. Installation Quality The common law made by the standards is “The installed twisted-pair cabling system shall be classified by the link or channel component performance showing the worst transmission characteristics” Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat6 + Cat3 = Cat3 !!! This classification does not depend on the obtained field test results

5. Installation Quality  1 Installation of all components and elements of the Signamax Cabling System must be performed in conformity with the manufacturer’s instructions and requirements set forth in section “CABLING SYSTEM INSTALLATION” of the Manual using the tools recommended by the manufacturer’s instructions or their equivalents

6. Sources of EMI For the installation of the telecommunications pathways the sources of the electromagnetic interference should be taken into consideration, such as –electric wiring –transformers –the sources of radio-frequency band and transmitting devices –large engines and generators –induction heaters –arc-welding sets –X-ray equipment and exposure units

7. Sources of EMI The following rules are to be observed during the installation of the telecommunications cabling systems for prevention or reduction of the external sources interference: –Use grounded metal pathways to lay telecommunications cables. Cable installation near the grounded metal surface will reduce the interference possibility –Use grounded screened or armored structures for the installation of the power-supply system cables –Use peak overvoltage and excess current suppressors

8. Bonding and Grounding Grounding systems are an integral part of the signal or telecommunications cabling system that they support In addition to helping protect personnel and equipment from hazardous voltages, a proper grounding system may reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) to and from the telecommunications cabling system Improper grounding can produce induced voltages and those voltages can disrupt other telecommunications circuits Grounding and bonding shall meet the requirements and practices of applicable authorities or codes

9. Bonding and Grounding  2 The methods, materials, assemblies and the hardware used for the installation of the pathway distribution system of the Signamax Cabling System must comply with the requirements of applicable codes and instructions

10. Administration  3 The installation of the Signamax Cabling System must be carried out in compliance with the requirements to the administration system set forth in the Manual

11. Fire Hazardous Spaces  4 Any pathways within the scope of the Signamax Cabling System passing through the fire barriers, whenever required by the applicable fire safety codes and instructions must be equipped with the relevant firestop systems

12. Explosion Hazardous Spaces  5 Any pathways within the Signamax Cabling System, installed in the explosion hazardous locations (areas and premises) must comply with the requirements of the applicable codes and instructions

13. Damp, Dry and Wet Locations The Signamax Cabling System intrabuilding pathways shall be installed in “ dry ” locations where cables are protected from moisture levels that are beyond the specified operating range of inside plant premises cable For instance, “ slab-on-grade ” designs wherein pathways are installed underground or in concrete slabs that are in direct contact with earth, are regarded as “ wet locations ” Following are definitions of damp, dry, and wet locations (ANSI/NFPA-70-2008, Article 100):

14. Damp Locations Damp location: Locations protected from weather and not subject to saturation with water or other liquids but subject to moderate degrees of moisture Examples of such locations include partially protected locations under canopies, marquees, roofed open porches, and like locations, and interior locations subject to moderate degrees of moisture, such as some basements, some barns, and some cold-storage warehouses

15. Dry Locations Dry location: A location not normally subject to dampness or wetness A location classified as dry may be temporarily subject to dampness or wetness, as in the case of a building under construction

16. Wet Locations Wet location: Installations underground or in concrete slabs or masonry in direct contact with the earth; in locations subject to saturation with water or other liquids, such as vehicle washing areas; and in unprotected locations exposed to weather

17. CABLE INSTALLATION

18. Cable Installation The transmission performance of the cables and connecting hardware may be materially degraded as a result of any breaches of the installation rules and any further manipulations with the cabling Among the safety precautions observed on the installation and arrangement of the cabling is prevention of various mechanical stresses in the cable caused by its tension, sharp bends, and excessive tightening of the cable bundles For the cable installation in pathways and telecommunications spaces the routing means of the cable bundles shall be used along with their fitting and locking

19. Cable Installation  6 Cable ties applied to form cable bundles shall be loose enough to allow the cable tie to slide around and along the cable bundle. The cable ties shall not be tighten so snugly as to deform the cable sheath

20. Cable Installation

21. Velcro™ type cable ties were recognized as the best option for the cable bundle formation

22. Cable Installation  7 It is not allowed to staple telecommunications cables of any type 

23. Cable Installation  8 It is not allowed to use the elevator shafts for the cable installation based on any permitted transmission media type

24. Minimum Bend Radius The small bend radii are to be maintained for the twisted-pair cable because of the deformation and inconsistencies of the transmission media inside of the cable occurring at the pair kinks This causes a serious deterioration of such parameter as NEXT Any attempts of bend straightening may be ineffective for the pair shape restoration and may have even worse effect

25. Minimum Bend Radius In case of the optical fiber cables, if their bend radius is under permissible value, it may increase the losses incurred owing to the macro- and microbends and even the fiber fractures

26. Minimum Bend Radius Illustration of the “minimum permissible cable bend radius” notion

27. Minimum Bend Radius  9 The minimum Horizontal and Backbone subsystem cable bend radii shall be: –4-pair UTP cables: under no-load conditions – 4 times the cable diameter under load conditions – 8 times the cable diameter –4-pair FTP, ScTP, SFTP cables: under no-load conditions – 8 times the cable diameter under load conditions – 10 times the cable diameter –multipair twisted-pair cables: under no-load conditions – 10 times the cable diameter under load conditions – 15 times the cable diameter under continued on next slide

28. Minimum Bend Radius  9 The minimum Horizontal and Backbone subsystem cable bend radii shall be: –intra-building optical fiber cables, 2 and 4 fibers: under no-load conditions – 25 mm (1 in) under load conditions – 50 mm (2 in) –intra-building optical fiber cables, more than 4 fibers: under no-load conditions – 10 times the cable diameter under load conditions – 15 times the cable diameter –inter-building optical fiber cables: under no-load conditions – 10 times the cable diameter under load conditions – 20 times the cable diameter continued on next slide

29. Minimum Bend Radius  9 If the manufacturer’s requirements to the minimum bend radius of the certain cable are stricter than those specified above, the manufacturer’s requirements shall be observed

30. Minimum Bend Radius  1 The minimum recommended bend radius for the equipment and patch cables (cords) in service should be: –4-pair unscreened and screened twisted-pair cords – 4 outside cable diameters –optical fiber cords – 25 mm (1 in) To observe these requirements it is recommended to use specially designed means and devices

31. Minimum Bend Radius

32. Maximum Pulling Tension On the cable installation and in some cases in their service (vertical segments) they are affected by the tensile load causing the pair deformation in the twisted-pair cables and mechanical damage of fibers in the optical fiber cables Therefore one of the basic installation requirements together with the bend radius is observance of the maximum permissible tensile load of the cables

33. Maximum Pulling Tension  10 The tensile load of the cables within the Horizontal and Backbone subsystems during installation and in service shall not exceed: –4-pair unscreened and screened twisted-pair cables – 110 N (25 lbf) –multipair twisted-pair cables – manufacturer’s specifications continued on next slide

34. Maximum Pulling Tension  10 The tensile load of the cables within the Horizontal and Backbone subsystems during installation and in service shall not exceed: –2- and 4-fiber indoor optical fiber cables – 220 N (50 lbf) or the manufacturer’s specifications, whatever is stricter –indoor optical fiber cables with the number of fibers of over 4 – the manufacturer’s specifications –outdoor optical fiber cables of – 2,700 N (600 lbf) or the manufacturer’s specifications, whatever is stricter

35. Maximum Pulling Tension When the complex installation is expected with an increased cable load, for example, when the cable is pulled through the closed pathway of over 30 meters (100 ft) long or the pathway with more than two 90° angle turns, the use of a dynamometer or a gauge swivel is recommended After the installation the cable should be put at rest except for the vertical segments, while the residual tension may be caused by the cable dead weight

36. Cable Slack For the cable system installation it is recommended to provide the cable slack at both ends of the cable segments to allow any alterations in future Cable slack: –U-shaped loops taking into account minimum bend radius –8-shaped loops with a large diameter –Not recommended – small diameter (up to 30 cm (1 ft)) hanks

37. Cable Slack  2 Making of cable slack is recommended to enable the possibility of future changes in the Signamax Cabling System configuration: in the TR, ER, and EF: – twisted-pair cable – 3 m (10 ft) –optical fiber cable – 3 m (10 ft) in the WA: –twisted-pair cable – 0.3 m (1 ft) –optical fiber cable – 1 m (3 ft) Cable slack shall be included in total length calculations for the Channels and Permanent Links

38. Media Termination Cables should be terminated with connecting devices of the same category or higher The cable transmission characteristics and connector categories have been specified such that the impacts of connectors, patch cords, and cross-connect jumpers on communications capacity are minimized Cable Connecting Hardware Category 5eCategory 6Category 6a Category 3 Category 5 Category 5e Category 6 Category 6a

39. Media Termination  11 To maintain the cable geometry, the cable sheath shall be removed only as much as required to terminate the cable pairs on the connecting hardware. The connecting hardware manufacturer ’ s instructions for cable sheath strip-back shall be observed

40. Media Termination  3 The maximum distance of 4-pair cable sheath removal is recommended to be less than 75 mm (3 in) to the conductor termination point

41. Media Termination  12 When terminating cable on connecting hardware, the cable pair twists shall be maintained as close as possible to the termination point. The distance from the termination point to the nearest pair lay node may not exceed: 13 mm (1/2 in) – category 5e, 6 and 6a cables 75 mm (3 in) – category 3 cables

42. Media Termination

43. CONNECTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION

44. TWISTED-PAIR CONNECTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION

45. Installation Basics  13 The method of the connecting hardware mounting shall correspond to the operating conditions and maintenance convenience

46. Telecommunications Outlet  14 Connectors of the Telecommunications Outlets shall be securely fixed at the Work Areas

47. Telecommunications Outlet Location of outlets at WA should be chosen so that to provide connection of the active equipment with the equipment cord of less than 5 m (15 ft) in length The installation of the outlets at WA is recommended in the proximity of the electric outlets (preferably within 1 m (3 ft)) and at the same level In the floor outlets installation special care should be given to their location against the office furniture, because the connected equipment cords passing through the open floor areas may be dangerous for the users

48. Environment Operating characteristics of the connecting hardware are set for -10°C to +60°C temperature range, therefore the locations of installation must comply with these requirements  14 Connecting hardware shall be protected from any mechanical damage, impact of increased humidity and any other corrosive substances Such protection may be performed by the installation inside of the building premises or in containers providing the adequate protection

49. OPTICAL FIBER CONNECTING HARDWARE INSTALLATION

50. Polarity  17 Each cabling segment shall be installed so that odd numbered fibers are Position A at one end and Position B at the other end while the even numbered fibers are Position B at one end and Position A at the other end

51. Polarity

52. The 568SC implementation shall be achieved by using consecutive fiber numbering (i.e., 1,2,3,4...) on both ends of an optical fiber link, but the 568SC adapters shall be installed in opposite manners on each end (i.e., A-B, A-B... on one end and B-A, B-A... on the other)

53. Polarity

54. For other duplex connector types, polarity may be achieved either by the above said method for the 568SC or by reverse-pair positioning. Reverse-pair positioning is performed by the fiber installation in consecutive numbering (i.e., 1,2,3,4 ….) on one end of an optical fiber link and reverse-pair numbering (i.e., 2,1,4,3 ….) on the other end of the optical fiber link.

55. TELECOMMUNICATIONS PATHWAY INSTALLATION

56. Conduits  18 The minimum permissible conduit-based pathway bend radius shall be at least equivalent to: –6 inside conduit diameters for conduits with ≤ 50 mm (2 in) inside diameter –10 inside conduit diameters for conduits with > 50 mm (2 in) inside diameter

57. Pulling Boxes  19 On pull box installation in conduit-based pathways, the following rules shall be observed: –Continuous conduit segment connecting two pull boxes shall not be longer than 30 m (100 ft) –Continuous conduit segment connecting two pull boxes shall not have more than two turns (bends) with 90 degree angles –The pull box shall be installed at the conduit segment with the 180 degree bend –The pull box may not be used instead of the conduit 180 degree bend –The conduits running into the pull box on the opposite sides shall be aligned against each other

58. Access Floors The most important parameter for the creation of the telecommunications distribution system in the access floor space is the minimum access space, i.e. the distance between the lower surface of the access floor panel and the surface of the floor or a floor slab The minimum permissible access space depends on the access floor functionality and its locating in the building

59. Access Floors  4 The following rules should be observed for the access floor application in the distribution system of the Signamax Cabling System: continued on next slide

60. Access Floors  4 In the general purpose office areas the distance of at least 200 mm (8 in) should be maintained between the lower surface of the access floor panel and the structural floor surface for efficient positioning of the cable trays and the cable routing facilities continued on next slide Above pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Cable pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Equipment Room: not less than 150–300 mm (6–12 in) General office areas: not less than 150–200 mm (6–8 in)

61. Access Floors  4 In the server rooms and control centers where the access floor space is used by the HVAC systems, the minimum recommended distance between the lower surface of the access floor panel and the structural floor surface should be at least 300 mm (12 in) continued on next slide Above pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Cable pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Equipment Room: not less than 150–300 mm (6–12 in) General office areas: not less than 150–200 mm (6–8 in)

62. Access Floors  4 In any event it is recommended that the distance between the lower surface of the access floor panel, frame or beams/stringers and the structural floor surface should be at least 50 mm (2 in) continued on next slide Above pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Cable pathways: not less than 20 mm (3/4 in) Equipment Room: not less than 150–300 mm (6–12 in) General office areas: not less than 150–200 mm (6–8 in)

63. Access Floors  4 If the troughs or covered trays are used, it is recommended that free space above be sufficient for the simple removal of covers

64. False Ceilings  20 The suspended ceilings may be used for the distributing system installation in case of compliance with the following conditions: –The suspended ceiling space is adequate for the installation and complies with the requirements of applicable codes –The space of the suspended ceiling is sufficient for the cable pathway running –The areas of the cable pathway installation are fully accessible (i.e. free from such obstacles as fixed (irremovable) ceiling tile or the plasterboard, dry wall or plywood treated ceiling)

65. False Ceilings  21 Connecting hardware shall be installed in the suspended ceiling space in the free access areas. Installation of some types of the connecting hardware (for example, CP connectors) may be performed only in compliance with the following rules: –The place of installation location is fully accessible –Access to the area of installation is not obstructed with the building structure elements, equipment, heavy and large furniture units –Servicing of the installation area does not interfere with the normal operations of people in this room –Connecting hardware is protected from any mechanical damage and entry of the foreign matters and objects

66. False Ceilings  22 To provide access to the cable pathways, they shall be installed above the tile and frames of the suspended ceiling with the clearance of at least 75 mm (3 in)

67. False Ceilings  5 If the suspended ceiling space is sufficient for the installation of the cable pathways, a recommended distance from the tiles and frames of the suspended ceiling to the lower pathway surface should be increased to at least 150 mm (6 in)

68. False Ceilings  23 Discrete cable support facilities shall be installed so that the interval is less than 1.5 m (5 ft)

69. False Ceilings  6 The interval between discrete cable support facilities should be maintained less than 1.0 m (3 ft)

70. False Ceilings  24 The maximum size of the bundle of 4-pair twisted-pair cables positioned on discrete support facilities shall be limited to 50 cables

71. Cable Trays Cantilever support brackets, trapeze and hanger brackets on individual rods may be used as the cable tray support facilities The distances between the centers of the cable tray support facilities should be kept with allowance for the tray load and length based on manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations and applicable codes The cable tray support facilities should be installed so that the distance between the joint of the two tray sections and the center of the support facility is ¼ of the section length The cable tray support facilities should be positioned at the maximum distance of 0.5 m (2 ft) to any connecting element or fitting (elbow, T- or X- couplers, etc.)

72. Cable Trays

73. False Ceilings  7 The cable tray manufacturer’s requirements to the maximum cable tray load should be met

74. Intra-building Pathways Intrabuilding cable pathways usually consist of –Ceiling pathways –Conduits –Sleeves or slots –Trays

75. Intra-building Pathways Intrabuilding backbone pathways facilitate running Backbone subsystem cables between the Entrance Facility, Telecommunications Rooms, or Equipment Rooms The vertical Backbone pathway generally runs from the Entrance Facility through vertically stacked Telecommunications Rooms located on each floor by means of sleeves or slots When Telecommunications Rooms cannot be vertically stacked, they shall be linked with a pathway

76. Intra-building Pathways

77. The number of Backbone pathways using 103 mm (4 in) trade size conduits or sleeves shall be – one sleeve or conduit per 5,000 m 2 (50,000 ft 2 ) of useable floor space served by the relevant Backbone system, plus two spares for a minimum of three sleeves

78. Intra-building Pathways Cable trays and conduits within the ceiling space shall protrude into the telecommunications spaces for 25 – 75 mm (1 – 3 in), without bend, and above 2.4 m (8 ft) level These pathway entry requirements prevent partial end transitions through the wall and ensure that the cable is at a height that may be fed to termination fields without interfering with equipment racks or back panels

79. Intra-building Pathways Where a slot is used it shall have a minimum 25 mm (1 in) curb around the top of the slot Where a sleeve is used, it shall extend by 25 – 75 mm (1 – 3 in) above the floor This protrusion aids in preventing poured concrete from entering the conduit during construction and protects cabling and firestop materials from water and other liquid spills

80. Intra-building Pathways The Backbone subsystem pathways enter the Telecommunications Room space:

81. Inter-building Pathways Interbuilding Backbone pathways connect separate buildings such as in campus environments and in some cases, in the property line for connection off the premises These consist of –Underground pathways –Buried pathways –Aerial pathways –Tunnel pathways

82. Inter-building Pathways The interbuilding pathway facility, as a minimum, shall be designed to service all telecommunications media, used in the Backbone subsystem of the Signamax Cabling System The quantity and size of cables, with allowance for growth, shall be considered to determine the size of the pathway

83. Inter-building Pathways Typical interbuilding underground layout MH – Maintenance Hole LEC – Local Exchange Carrier

84. Inter-building Pathways  25 The issues of design and installation of interbuilding Backbone subsystem pathways are not included in the scope of this Manual, however, selection of transmission media types, their quantification and required distance observation in the Backbone cabling subsystem shall comply with the requirements of this Manual