1. Caroll Bai & Brianna Estrada Period: 4 Anatomy/ Physiology
Renal System
Caroll Bai & Brianna Estrada
Period: 4
Anatomy/ Physiology

2. Overview
Consists of the two kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and the urethra
Produces, stores, and eliminates fluid waste

3. Structure- Kidneys Location Function Regions
Renal sinus, pelvis, medulla, cortex, capsule
Medulla and cortex
Nephron: functional unit of a kidney

4. Structure- Kidney pathway
Vasculature
Renal arteries, abdominal aorta, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, and peritubular capillaries
Renal veins

5. Structure- Ureters Ureters
Tubular organ, extends from each kidney to bladder (25 cm long)
Mucous, muscular, fibrous coat
Peristalsis

6. Structure- Bladder Bladder Trigone Inner layer- mucous coat
Second layer- submucous coat
Third layer- muscular coat
Outer layer- serous coat

7. Structure- Urethra Urethra Function
Tube that carries urine from bladder to outside of body
Gender difference
Urethral glands

8. Nephron- Renal Corpuscle
Glomerulus
Filters water and dissolved substances from plasma
Bowman’s Capsule
Receives the glomerular filtrate

9. Nephron- Renal Tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Tubular reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Descending limb
Reabsorption of water by osmosis
Ascending limb
Reabsorption of metal ions by active transport
Distal convoluted tubule
Tubular secretion by active transport

10. Nephron- Collecting Duct
Reabsorption of water by osmosis

11. Urine Creation Afferent & efferent arterioles Structures involved
Nephron
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Loop of Henle
Collecting duct
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion

12. Glomerular Filtration
Bowman’s Capsule
Permeable capillaries (fenestrae)
Filters by size of molecule
Filtered
H2O
NaCl, K+, HCO3-
Glucose
Amino Acids
Creatinine
Urea

13. Tubular Reabsorption
Proximal convoluted tubule (but happens all throughout)
Reabsorbed back into blood: K+
H2O
NaCl
Amino acids
HCO3-
Glucose
If present in urine, could indicate abnormality

14. Tubular Secretion Distal convoluted tubule Secreted: Uric acid K+ H+
Organic acids
Antibiotics (penicillin)

15. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
How much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute
Tests efficiency of kidneys
Affected by:
Filtration pressure
RAAS (Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
Increases GFR
Increases Na+ excretion

16. Filtration Pressure Hydrostatic Pressure Glomerular- blood
“Pushing” ex. balloon
Capsule- filtrate
“Pulling”
Colloid Osmotic (Oncotic)
“Pulling” ex. sponge
Net Pressure
All pressures added together

17. Urine Regulation ADH Regulates water reabsorption in collecting duct
Low ADH: diluted urine
High ADH: concentrated urine

18. Urine Composition Mostly water Urea, uric acid, and creatinine
Some amino acids and electrolytes
Renal clearance: rate at which a chemical is removed from the plasma
Insulin clearance test & creatinine clearance test
Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

19. Micturition (Urinary reflex)
The process or reflex or urinating
Structures
Bladder
Micturition reflex center
Detrusor muscle
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

20. Works Cited
"Aldosterone." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Apr <
"Forces of Filtration." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr <
"Glomerular Filtration Rate: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 13 Apr <
"Nephron Function." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr <
"Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 13 Apr <