1. BINOMIAL EXPANSION

2. Binomial Expansions Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 The binomial theorem provides a useful method for raising any binomial to a nonnegative integral power. Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y) n. (x + y) 0 = 1 (x + y) 1 = x + y (x + y) 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 (x + y) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 (x + y) 4 = x 4 + 4x 3 y + 6x 2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4 (x + y) 5 = x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5 Notice that each expansion has n + 1 terms. 1 term 2 terms 3 terms 4 terms 5 terms 6 terms Example: (x + y) 10 will have 10 + 1, or 11 terms.

3. Patterns of Exponents in Binomial Expansions Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Consider the patterns formed by expanding (x + y) n. (x + y) 0 = 1 (x + y) 1 = x + y (x + y) 2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 (x + y) 3 = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3 (x + y) 4 = x 4 + 4x 3 y + 6x 2 y 2 + 4xy 3 + y 4 (x + y) 5 = x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5 1. The exponents on x decrease from n to 0. The exponents on y increase from 0 to n. 2. Each term is of degree n. Example: The 5 th term of (x + y) 10 is a term with x 6 y 4.”

4. Binomial Coefficients Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 The coefficients of the binomial expansion are called binomial coefficients. The coefficients have symmetry. The coefficient of x n–r y r in the expansion of (x + y) n is written or n C r. (x + y) 5 = x 5 + 5x 4 y + 10x 3 y 2 + 10x 2 y 3 + 5xy 4 + y 5 The first and last coefficients are 1. The coefficients of the second and second to last terms are equal to n. 1 1 Example: What are the last 2 terms of (x + y) 10 ? Since n = 10, the last two terms are 10xy 9 + 1y 10. So, the last two terms of (x + y) 10 can be expressed as 10 C 9 xy 9 + 10 C 10 y 10 or as xy 9 + y 10.

5. Pascal’s Triangle Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 The triangular arrangement of numbers below is called Pascal’s Triangle. Each number in the interior of the triangle is the sum of the two numbers immediately above it. The numbers in the n th row of Pascal’s Triangle are the binomial coefficients for (x + y) n. 1 1 st row 1 2 1 2 nd row 1 3 3 1 3 rd row 1 4 6 4 1 4 th row 1 5 10 10 5 1 5 th row 0 th row 1 6 + 4 = 10 1 + 2 = 3

6. Example: Pascal’s Triangle Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Example: Use the fifth row of Pascal’s Triangle to generate the sixth row and find the binomial coefficients,, 6 C 4 and 6 C 2. 5 th row 1 5 10 10 5 1 6 th row 6 C 0 6 C 1 6 C 2 6 C 3 6 C 4 6 C 5 6 C 6 = 6 = and 6 C 4 = 15 = 6 C 2. There is symmetry between binomial coefficients. n C r = n C n–r 161520156 1

7. Example: Pascal’s Triangle Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Example: Use Pascal’s Triangle to expand (2a + b) 4. (2a + b) 4 = 1(2a) 4 + 4(2a) 3 b + 6(2a) 2 b 2 + 4(2a)b 3 + 1b 4 = 1(16a 4 ) + 4(8a 3 )b + 6(4a 2 b 2 ) + 4(2a)b 3 + b 4 = 16a 4 + 32a 3 b + 24a 2 b 2 + 8ab 3 + b 4 1 1 st row 1 2 12 nd row 1 3 3 13 rd row 1 4 6 4 14 th row 0 th row1

8. Formula for the Binomial Coefficients Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 The symbol n! (n factorial) denotes the product of the first n positive integers. 0! is defined to be 1. n! = n(n – 1)(n – 2)  3 2 1 1! = 1 4! = 4 3 2 1 = 24 6! = 6 5 4 3 2 1 = 720 Formula for Binomial Coefficients For all nonnegative integers n and r, Example:

9. Example: Binomial coefficients Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Example: Use the formula to calculate the binomial coefficients 10 C 5, 15 C 0, and.

10. Definition: Binomial Theorem Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Binomial Theorem Example: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (x 4 + 2) 3.

11. Definition: Binomial Theorem Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Although the Binomial Theorem is stated for a binomial which is a sum of terms, it can also be used to expand a difference of terms. Simply rewrite (x + y) n as (x + (– y)) n and apply the theorem to this sum. Example: Use the Binomial Theorem to expand (3x – 4) 4.

12. Example:Using the Binomial Theorem Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Example: Use the Binomial Theorem to write the first three terms in the expansion of (2a + b) 12.

13. Example: Find the nth term Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Example: Find the eighth term in the expansion of (x + y) 13. Think of the first term of the expansion as x 13 y 0. The power of y is 1 less than the number of the term in the expansion. The eighth term is 13 C 7 x 6 y 7. Therefore, the eighth term of (x + y) 13 is 1716 x 6 y 7.