1. Outline for 11/5: International Integration Concepts defined Steps in international integration Why integrate? Deepening vs. Widening (Again) Non-Governmental Integration

2. International Integration Integration defined – process by which supranational institutions come to replace national ones, or shifting of sovereignty from national institutions toward regional/global ones. What is not integration? Must be voluntary Must distinguish integration from simple cooperation/coordination Ideas → Norms → Rules → IGOs → Supranational IGOs Examples of Supranational IGOs?

3. Examples Suggesting Movement Towards Integration Europe: German reunification The European Union (EU) European Free Trade Area (EFTA) Americas: North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) Central American Common Market (CACM) Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Asia: Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Africa: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Middle East: Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Others?

4. Steps in International Integration 1. Free Trade Area (FTA) 2. Customs Union (FTA + CET) 3. Common Market (add ICM and ILM) 4. Monetary Union 5. Fiscal Union 6. Political Union Where is NAFTA?

5. Where is the European Union? 1. Began as a Free Trade Area in 1957 2. Completed the Customs Union in 1968 3. Became a Common Market in 1992 4. Achieved partial Monetary Union in 1999 5. No fiscal union, although Stability and Growth Pact in 1997 6. No political union, although Common Foreign and Security Policy in 1992.

6. Why Integrate? Two Theories Functionalism/Neofunctionalism – integration process drives itself spillover Intergovernmentalism – process does not drive itself, governments must make active efforts to integrate. Process slow Maybe no real supranationalism

7. Why Integrate? Costs and Benefits But if governments must make active efforts, then why would they choose to do so? Economic benefits – what are they for governments? Security benefits – balancing security communities Why might governments choose not to integrate?

8. Deepening vs. Widening (Again) What is deepening? What is widening? Why might there be a tradeoff between deepening and widening? Hard to deepen within the GATT/WTO Explains shift towards RTAs But RTAs may also have trouble deepening as they add members. Explains why true integration is rare in international affairs

9. Special Topic: Turkish entry into the EU? If admitted into the EU, this event would be an example of widening Political significance? But what could be the costs in terms of deepening?

10. Non-Governmental Integration Concept of Global Culture/Society Cultural Imperialism? A growing In-group? What drives the emergence of a Global Culture? Information Telecommunications Digital Divide Does this information weaken national governments?