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SUDAN ETHIOPIA AFRICA KENYA LAKE VICTORIA BURUNDI ZAIRE TANZANIA Figure 13-1 Page 251
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Cobia Hogfish Kelp Carrageen Pacific sailfish Moray Yellow jack
Red snapper Red algae Batfish Bladder kelp Striped drum Angelfish Chinook salmon Sea lettuce Orange roughy Devilfish Porcupine fish Great barracuda Laminaria Sockeye salmon Grouper Figure 13-2 Page 253 Chilean sea bass Dulse
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Brook trout White waterlily Bluegill White bass Bulrush Muskellunge
Rainbow trout Rainbow darter Water lettuce Bowfish Water hyacinth Bladderwort Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon Yellow perch Velvet cichlid American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass Longnose gar Duckweed Common piranha Carp Egyptian white lotus Channel catfish Figure 13-3 Page 254 African lungfish
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Global freshwater 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Mean trophic level 3.0 2.9 2.8
2.7 2.6 2.5 Figure 13-4a Page 255 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year
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Global marine 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 Mean trophic level 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7
2.6 2.5 Figure 13-4b Page 255 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year
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Present Not present No data
Figure 13-5 Page 256 No data
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Figure 13-6 Page 258 Bowhead whale Bowhead whale Humpback whale
Northern right whale Bowhead whale Northern right whale Saimaa seal Fin whale Hawksbill turtle Mediterranean monk seal Kemp's ridley turtle Japanese sea lion Hawksbill turtle Fin whale Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Olive ridley turtle Leatherback turtle Olive ridley turtle Hawaiian monk seal Green turtle Olive ridley turtle Green turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Leatherback turtle Humpback whale Green turtle Hawksbill turtle Green turtle Humpback whale Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle Humpback whale Leatherback turtle Fin whale Fin whale Whale Turtle Seal Sea lion Figure 13-6 Page 258
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Olive ridley 76 centimeters Australian flatback 99 centimeters Loggerhead 119 centimeters Hawksbill 89 centimeters Black turtle 99 centimeters Green turtle 124 centimeters Leatherback 188 centimeters Kemp's ridley 76 centimeters Figure 13-7 Page 258
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Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
Atlantic white-sided dolphin Common dolphin Harbor porpoise Killer whale Bottlenose dolphin Beluga whale False killer whale Cuvier's beaked whale Pilot whale Narwhal Pygmy sperm whale Sperm whale Baird's beaked whale Squid 5 10 15 20 25 30m 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100ft Figure 13-8a Page 260 Odontocetes (Toothed Whales)
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Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
Humpback whale Bowhead whale Minke whale Right whale Blue whale Fin whale Feeding on krill Sei whale Figure 13-8b Page 261 Gray whale Mysticetes (Baleen Whales)
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Solutions Managing Fisheries
Fishery Regulations Set catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield Improve monitoring and enforcement of regulations Economic Approaches Sharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies Charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters Certify sustainable fisheries Protected areas Establish no-fishing areas Establish more marine protected areas Rely more on integrated coastal management Consumer Information Label sustainably harvested fish Publicize overfished and threatened species Bycatch Use wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea Aquaculture Restrict coastal locations for fish farms Control pollution more strictly Depend more on herbivorous fish species Nonnative Invasions Kill organisms in ship ballast water Filter organisms from ship ballast water Dump ballast water far at sea and replace with Deep-sea water Figure 13-9 Page 263
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Solutions Protecting Wetlands
Legally protect existing wetlands Steer development away from existing wetlands Use mitigation banking only as a last resort Require creation and evaluation of a new wetland before destroying an existing wetland Restore degraded wetlands Try to prevent and control invasions by nonnative species Figure Page 265
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( ) Figure 13-11 Page 267 Kissimmee River Channelized Unchannelized
FLORIDA Lake Okeechobee West Palm Beach Fort Myers GULF OF MEXICO Naples Fort Lauderdale Agricultural area Treatment marsh Water conservation area Miami Canal Everglades National Park ATLANTIC OCEAN FLORIDA Key Largo Florida Bay Figure Page 267 Area of detail miles kilometers 20 40 60
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Ecological Services of Rivers
Natural Capital Ecological Services of Rivers Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries Deposit silt that maintains details Purify water Renew and renourish wetlands Provide habitats for wildlife Figure Page 268
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Figure Page 268
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Modified Life Cycle Normal Life Cycle Figure 13-14 Page 269
Salmon processing plant Eggs are taken from adult females and fertilized with sperm “milked” from males Modified Life Cycle To hatchery Fish change form Human capture Fish enter rivers and head for spawning areas In the fall spawning salmon deposit eggs in gravel nests and die Normal Life Cycle Fry hatch in the spring... Grow to maturity in Pacific Ocean in 1-2 years Eggs and young are cared for in the hatchery And grow in the stream for 1-2 years Grow to smolt and enter the ocean... Fingerlings are released into river Figure Page 269 Fingerlings migrate downstream
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Rebuilding Salmon Populations
Solutions Rebuilding Salmon Populations Building upstream hatcheries Releasing juvenile salmon from hatcheries to underpopulated streams Releasing extra water from dams to wash juvenile salmon downstream Building fish ladders so adult salmon can bypass dams during upstream migration Using trucks and barges to transport salmon around dams Reducing silt runoff from logging roads above salmon spawning streams Banning dams from some stream areas Figure Page 271
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