1. 2001 Cotton Production Workshop

2. Waiting until spring to control weeds glyphosate or paraquat PLUS Aim, Caparol, Clarity, Direx, Harmony Extra, Goal, Resource, Valor, and 2,4-D

3. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA & NC data. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 58 96 Average of 12 trials, 1999-2001.

4. Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt 14 days after treatment 28 days after treatment

5. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA & NC data. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1/2 oz Harmony Extra Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 58 96 Average of 12 trials, 1999-2001. 63

6. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA & NC data. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 2-3 oz Resource Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 50 97 Average of 4 trials, 1999-2001. 63

7. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA data. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1 oz Valor Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 47 97 Average of 1 trials, 2001. 80

8. flumioxazin change from WDG to WP 1 to 2 oz/A mixed with glyphosate – much quicker burndown – residual activity if contacts soil (good for pusley) – enhanced geranium, radish, and primrose control Valor for Burndown

9. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA & NC data. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 2 oz Valor Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 63 97 Average of 8 trials, 1999-2001. 84

10. Roundup UltraMax 1.6 pt + Valor 1 oz 14 days after treatment 28 days after treatment

11. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1 pt Goal Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D Average of 5 trials, 1999-2001. % control, 30-40 days 65 98 74 Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. NC data.

12. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1/2 pt Clarity Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D Average of 6 trials, 1999-2001. % control, 30-40 days 62 97 87 Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. NC data.

13. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 2/3 oz Aim Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D Average of 3 trials, 1999-2001. % control, 30-40 days 47 97 60 Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA & NC data.

14. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Gly alone Gly + 1 pt Direx Gly + 1 pt 2,4-D % control, 30-40 days 47 95 64 Average of 1 trials, 2001. Glyphosate Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA data.

15. Relative Response of Cutleaf Eveningprimrose to Glyphosate Tank Mixes.* 0 0.5 1 Alone Harmony GT Aim Harmony Extra Goal ResourceValorClarity 2,4-D *Estimates based on GA and NC data from 1999 to 2001.

16. Roundup + Direx Roundup On farm, Grady County, 2001.

17. Roundup UltraMax (1.6 pt) + 1.5 pt Caparol Wheat Response to Glyphosate Applied Alone and in Mixture with Caparol. Ponder Farm, 2001; 16 DAT.

18. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Boa alone + 1 oz Valor + 2 oz Valor + 4 oz Resource + 2/3 oz Aim + 1 pt Direx + 1 pt Caparol + 1 pt 2,4-D + 1/2 oz Harmony Ex % control, 30-40 days 55 71 46 59 70 54 96 71 Paraquat Tank Mixes on Cutleaf Eveningprimrose. GA data. LSD = 13 68 Average of 1 trials, 2001.

19. Summary - Cutleaf Eveningprimrose 1. 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D, paraquat + 2,4-D 2. glyphosate + Valor or Clarity 3. paraquat + Direx, Valor, Harmony Extra or glyphosate + Aim, Caparol, Direx

20. Wild Radish

21. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Roundup UltraMax + 1 oz Valor + 2 oz Valor + 4 oz Resource + 2/3 oz Aim + 1 pt Direx + 1 pt Caparol + 1 pt 2,4-D + 1/2 oz Harmony Ext % control, 30-40 days 70 81 71 73 77 69 95 85 Tank Mixes with Glyphosate on Wild Radish. GA data, Tift County, 2001. LSD = 12 93

22. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Boa alone + 1 oz Valor + 2 oz Valor + 4 oz Resource + 2/3 oz Aim + 1 pt Direx + 1 pt Caparol + 1 pt 2,4-D + 1/2 oz Harmony Ext. % control, 30-40 days 67 7068 67 87 67 99 76 Tank Mixes with Paraquat on Wild Radish. GA data, Tift County, 2001. LSD = 12 99

23. Summary - Wild radish 1. glyphosate + 2,4-D, Harmony Extra paraquat + 2,4-D, Direx, Harmony Extra 2. glyphosate + Valor, Direx 3. glyphosate paraquat + Valor

24. 2,4-D = preferably 45 days Aim = nothing on label Clarity = 21 d after 1” rainfall Direx = 15 d prior to planting Goal = 30 d or at least three 0.25” rainfalls Harmony Extra = 45 d prior to planting Valor = 30 d prior to planting Plant Back Restriction for Burndown Herbicides

25. 0 20 40 60 80 100 none211470 Cotton Injury to Valor Applied Less Than 30 Days Before Planting. TyTy, 2001 % cotton injury, 18 DAP days before planting *Irrigated at cotton emergence. No weeds present at time of application.

26. Georgia Cotton - Cultivar Selection* 86.9% transgenic; 12.1% conventional 40.8% Roundup Ready 41.5% stacked gene 4.6% Bollgard *USDA Agricultural Marketing Service Survey, August 2001.

27. The first 4 to 5 weeks of cotton development is the most critical.

28. Effect of PRE Herbicides on RR Seedcotton Yield. 1 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 lb/A 1 OT2 OT 1490 a 1070 b 1998 1999 1460 a 1560 a 1 OT2 OT 635 b 1560 a 1420 a 1600 a No PREAvg. 10 PRE’s 1 Study in 1998 conducted at Goldsboro, NC. Studies in 1999 conducted at Goldsboro, NC and Tifton, GA. Data pooled over both locations in 1999.

29. How Important Is Early Season Weed Competition? Can one wait until 4-leaf stage of cotton to initiate weed control? Depends upon: Weed species Weed density Growing conditions

30. How Important Is Early Season Weed Competition? u About 33 to 66% of the time we can initiate weed control at the 3 to 4 leaf stage of cotton. u If in doubt, apply DNA + Cotoran or Staple u The other 33 to 66% of the time we need a soil- applied herbicide or 2 overtop RU applications.

31. Weeds Difficult to Control by Glyphosate?

32. Controlling Yellow and Purple Nutsedge? Nutsedge Control Programs: 1) 2 applications of glyphosate prior to 5th leaf followed by conventional chemistry including 2 lb ai MSMA directed 2) 1 application of glyphosate or Staple Plus prior to 5th leaf followed by 2 lb ai MSMA directed or glyphosate 3) Zorial or Staple?????

33. Yellow Nutsedge Control by R’up/MSMA Mixtures. 2 Locs, 1999 -2000. 0 25 50 75 100 1.52 No MSMA+ MSMA 1.3 pt Roundup Ultra (pt) *Control 30 DAT. 74 65 80 71 % control

34. Glyphosate 0.75 lb ae/A+ MSMA 1.3 pt 30 days after treatment

35. Cotton Injury 10 DAT with R’up/MSMA Mixtures. 2 Locs, 1999. 0 10 20 30 40 00.511.52 No MSMA+ MSMA 1.3 pt Roundup Ultra (pt) *Injury by tank mix significantly greater than Roundup applied alone 12 16 * 20 25 27 % injury * * * *

36. Weeds Difficult to Control by Glyphosate?

37. Mid-Season Morningglory Control by Glyphosate & Glyphosate/Staple Mixtures. Things to consider? 1. Morningglory size at time of application (5+ inches here). 2. Will you post-direct with conventional chemistry or glyphosate? Glyphosate73 55 89 Glyphosate + Staple93 76 97 Pitted Smallflower morningglory Loc 1 Loc 2 Loc 1

38. Roundup Ultra 1.5 pt + Staple 0.6 oz 24 days after treatment - Irrigated, Moultrie, 2000.

39. 18 days after treatment - Irrigated, TyTy, 2001. Roundup Original 1.5 pt + Staple 0.8 oz

40. Glyphosate/Staple Tank Mixtures u DuPont new label allows 0.8 oz of Staple to be applied in mixture with glyphosate.

41. Controlling Extremely Large Morningglory

42. Weeds Difficult to Control by Glyphosate?

43. Hemp Sesbania Control by Glyphosate. Tifton, 2000.* 0 20 40 60 80 100 % control *Roundup Ultra applied at 2 pt/A. Experiment conducted under center irrigation. 3 inches7 inches 86 59

44. Tropical spiderwort, Cairo, GA, 2001. Cooperative work with Tim Flanders

45. Fairly common scene at harvest across the state

46. present label = –may be applied overtop of 3-12 inch cotton alone –may be directed in mixture with glyphosate in RR cotton but “do not allow spray solution to contact cotton leaves” residual control for Amaranthus, grasses, tropical spiderwort Dual Magnum + Glyphosate Label

47. glyphosate @ 4 lf+ 1 pt Dual Magnum Attapulgus, 2001 *Irrigated within 48 hrs.

48. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Palmer T. panicum pusley y. nutsedge % control, late-season LSD ranged from 9 to 12 TD 1 lf TD 1 lf TD 1 lf TD 4 lf TD 4 lf TD + Dual Mag. 4 lf TD timely PD TD 11 d delay TD 11 d delay Weed Response to Touchdown (TD)/Dual Magnum Systems. Attapulgus, 2001.

49. present label = –may be applied overtop of 3-12 inch cotton alone –may be directed in mixture with glyphosate in RR cotton but “do not allow spray solution to contact cotton leaves” residual control for Amaranthus, annual grasses, tropical spiderwort any concerns?????? Dual Magnum + Glyphosate Label

50. Roundup UltraMax + 1 pt Dual Magnum POST

51. GA Locations Taken to Yield in 2001. * ** * * * Midville Tifton TyTy Moultrie Attapulgus No negative effect from Dual plus glyphosate applied overtop of 3- to 4-leaf cotton. No negative effect noted in 15 locations in NC.

52. Conventional options: Caparol + MSMA Cobra + MSMA Cotoran + MSMA Direx + MSMA Linex + MSMA (not labeled) Common Layby Herbicide Options

53. RR options little to no residualpossible residual glyphosate glyphosate + Aim Layby Herbicide Options

54. label claims control of: pigweed specieslambsquarters cockleburmorningglory velvetleafspurred anoda smartweedhemp sesbania common ragweed Aim Postemergence-directed

55. 0.5 to 1 oz/A (40 DF) 1% COC Alone or mixed with any registered herbicide Aim Postemergence-directed

56. timing of application: - cotton at least 6 inches if NO spray contact - cotton at least 12 inches with minimal contact Aim Postemergence-directed

57. Cotton Response to Aim Directed. Cotton 12 to 24 inches. % cotton injury Location 1, NC Location 2, NC DAT Treatment 512 3 11 R’up alone 0 0 0 0 + 0.6 oz Aim 2 1 12* 4 *Primarily injury to cotton stems; stems not “woody”.

58. Cotton Response to Aim Directed. Cotton 12 to 24 inches. % cotton injury Location 1, GA Location 2, GA DATDAT Treatment 5 14 35 8 23 36 R’up alone 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0.6 oz Aim25 18 0 33 13 2 Primarily injury to cotton stems; stems not “woody”. Yield unaffected.

59. Most Likely Fit for Aim in Cotton Tank mix with glyphosate to improve morningglory control

60. Morningglory Control with Roundup + Aim. % control Location 1, GA Location 1, NC Treatment36 DAT14 DAT R’up alone 82 92 + 0.6 oz Aim 95 100

61. RR options little to no residualpossible residual glyphosate glyphosate + Aim glyphosate + Harvade Common Layby Herbicide Options

62. Morningglory Control with Roundup + Harvade. % control pitted smallflower Treatment morningglory morningglory R’up alone 82 92 + 8 oz Harvade 95100 *Add COC in with Harvade.

63. RR options little to no residualpossible residual glyphosate glyphosate + Caparol glyphosate + Aim glyphosate + Direx glyphosate + Harvade Layby Herbicide Options

64. Late-season Effect of Direx Applied with Glyphosate in 14” Cotton. 50 60 70 80 90 100 Texas panicum smallflower morningglory bristly starbur Florida pusley glyphosate + 1.5 pt Direx Glyphosate applied at 1 and 4 leaf cotton. Attapulgus, 2001.

65. Label requires 20% boll opening in RR cotton Is there any potential for an earlier application? Pre-Harvest Glyphosate Applications

66. 8 trials conducted in LA, GA, and NC glyphosate applied 1. 7 d prior to last effective bloom date 2. on last effective bloom date 3. 7 d after last effective bloom date 4. 14 d after last effective bloom date 5. 20% boll crack 6. no glyphosate RR Cotton Response to Glyphosate Applied Prior to 20% Boll Opening

67. 7 of 8 trials no negative responses RR Cotton Response to Glyphosate Applied Prior to 20% Boll Opening

68. RR Cotton Response to Glyphosate Applied Prior to 20% Boll Opening. Tifton, 2001. 600 800 1000 1200 1400 7BLEBDLEBD7ALEBD14ALEBD20% CrackNone * *Significantly less than all other treatments. Lint yield/A

69. Glyphosate Paraquat Harvade vs. Aim Weed Control at Defoliation

70. Morninglory Leaf and Vine Desiccation. Moultrie, 2001. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Finsh+ Harvade+AimFinish+ Harvade+ Aim Percent 2 day after treatment LeafVine Finish applied at 21 oz/A, Aim at 0.66 oz/A, Harvade 10 oz/A.

71. Morninglory Leaf and Vine Desiccation. Moultrie, 2001. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Finsh+ Harvade+AimFinish+ Harvade+ Aim Percent 7 day after treatment LeafVine 14 day after treatment Finish applied at 21 oz/A, Aim at 0.66 oz/A, Harvade 10 oz/A.

72. Treat bermudagrass and other perennials Weed Control After Harvest