1. Zhou Dynasty about 800 years

2. Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty 771 BCE
In 771 BCE，Quan Rong killed King You of Zhou 周幽王, the 12th sovereign.
Quan Rong was an ethnic group active in the north western part of China whose language is classified as part of the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages family. Claiming ancestry from two white dogs, the Quănróng tribe worshipped a totem in the form of a white dog. They are classified as a no’madic tribe of the Western Qiang people.
In 780 BCE, a major earthquake hit Guanzhong. A soothsayer named Bo Yangfu
(伯陽甫/伯阳甫) interpreted this as an omen foretelling the destruction of the (Western) Zhou Dynasty.
In 779 BCE, a concubine named Baosi entered the palace and came into King You's favour. She bore him a son named Bofu (伯服). King You deposed Queen Shen (申后) and Crown Prince Yijiu (宜臼). He made Baosi the new queen and Bofu the new crown prince.
犬戎是古族名。中国古代的一个民族，即猃狁，也称西戎，活动于今陕、甘一带，猃、岐之间。在甘肃静宁县威戎(今静宁威戎镇)立都。

3. Reasons for the Fall Internal
No strong centralized government, which nurtures “local snakes”;
Unfairness in its political structure such as its enfeoffment system.
Corruption of the king
Disruption/sudden shift in choosing its successor/crown prince;
External
Natural disasters such as earthquakes;
Invasion from the outside, a much stronger, more militant ethnic group;

4. Internal or External? Fate or Flaw?
In 779 BCE, a concubine named Baosi 褒姒entered the palace and came into King You‘s favour. She bore him a son named Bofu (伯服). King You deposed Queen Shen (申后) and the Crown Prince (太子) Yijiu (宜臼). He made Baosi the new queen and Bofu the new crown prince.
The deposed crown prince came back;
He teamed up with Quan Rong 犬戎, a non Chinese ethnic group and had his father and Baosi killed—double transgressions
杀父 [shā fù] patricide
弑君【shìjūn】 <formal> murder (one's sovereign or father).
周平王於周幽王去世後，在東都雒邑建立東周，為一復國君主。但由於周平王即位時，有許多諸侯反對他，虢公翰則支持立王子余臣為君主，即位於攜，稱周攜王。史稱“周二王並立”。當時傳聞平王和母親申后因被其父周幽王廢掉後一直懷恨在心，故意聯合諸侯國繒和外族犬戎入宮殺害幽王和褒姒，然後即位為天子，故此周平王有殺父之嫌，亦令同朝的國勢一落千丈。故此，多數諸侯都不再聽從天子，平王唯“晉、鄭是依”，勉強支運國勢，而造成春秋時代的開始。
^ 《今本竹書紀年》記載：“王立褒姒之子曰伯服，以為太子。”
^ 《通鑑外紀》卷三引《竹書記年》：“幽王死，申侯、魯侯（繒侯）、許文公立平王於申，虢公翰立王子余，二王並立。”

5. King Ping Moved his Capital 平王迁都 770 BCE
King Ping of Zhou moved the Zhou Dynasty east from Hàojīng (鎬京 now Xi’An) to Luoyi (雒邑), now Luoyang 洛阳【Luòyáng】, thus ending the Xi (Western) Zhou Dynasty and beginning the Dong (Eastern) Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period.
Ping is noteworthy as an ancestor of Wu Zetian ( ), who would later style her dynasty the later Zhou in recognition of her ancestry. However, with a chip on his shoulder, he could not control the situation;
这是中国历代王朝兴衰四字歌 炎黄子孙，历史修筑。三皇五帝，传位禅让。夏禹开始，建立家邦。 汤灭夏桀，国号殷商。武王伐纣，西周辟疆。幽王贪色，身死国丧。 平王迁都，东周洛阳。春秋五霸，齐恒楚庄。秦穆晋文，还有宋襄。

6. Xi’an vs. Luoyang

7. 盘庚迁都 King Pangeng Moved his Capital to Anyang 1320 BC
Shang finally settled down at Yīn (殷). The period starting from Pán Gēng is also called the Yīn Dynasty, beginning the golden age of the Shāng dynasty. Oracle bone inscriptions are thought to date at least to Pán Gēng's era.
The Shang dynasty had a sequence of seven capitals through its history with only the final one the largest and only true city.[3] In chronological order,[4] these capitals were: Fan, Bo, Shen (pre-dynastic); dynastic capitals: Xibo (also Bo of Tang, Yanshi, Honan), located in Xitazhuang township of Yanshi county at the Erlitou site; Ao (also Xiao), located in Zhengzhou prefecture, Henan province; Xiang, Xing, Bi, Bo, Yin (also Yinxu) located in Anyang prefecture, Henan province; Zhou Ge, Bo Gu and Yidu.
Yinxu (Chinese: 殷墟; pinyin: Yīnxū; literally "Ruins of Yin" (IPA: [ínɕý])) is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (1766 BC BC). The capital served 255 years for 12 kings in 8 generations.
Rediscovered in 1899, it is one of the oldest and largest archeological sites in China and is one of the Historical capitals of China and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located in the very north of Henan province, close to the borders with Hebei， and Shanxi, 山西, near the modern city of Anyang, and is open to the public as the Garden Museum of Yinxu.
It is famous as the original source of oracle bones and oracle bone script, the earliest recorded form of Chinese writing.
有一次发大水，把都城全淹了，就不得不搬家。盘庚坚持迁都，挫败反对势力后最终带着平民和奴隶，渡过黄河，搬迁到殷（今河南安阳小屯村）。
在那里整顿商朝的政治，使衰落的商朝出现了复兴的局面，以后二百多年，一直没有迁都。
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盘庚迁都
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大约在公元前1320年，第二十位商王盘庚迁都于殷地。
编辑摘要
目录 1 盘庚
2 迁都时间
3 迁都原因
4 迁都背景
5 迁都结果
盘庚迁都 - 盘庚 盘庚
盘庚，甲骨文做般庚，,名旬，生卒年不详。
祖丁子,阳甲弟。阳甲死后继位。
商代第20位国王，根据《夏商周年表修正》，在位28年（前1300-前1277年在位）。
于在位的第三年（前1298年）迁都于殷。
是一位很有作为的国王。
病死,葬于殷(今河南省安阳县小屯庄)。
盘庚迁都 - 迁都时间
盘庚迁殷在公元前1320年
商后期王年在《尚书·无逸》中有所叙述，古本《竹书纪年》亦保存两条。
后世学者在利用文献推定盘庚迁殷到商亡的总年数时，有 275年、273年、253年三说。
现已推定武王克商之年为公元前1046年， 如采用275年，则盘庚迁殷在公元前1320年；如采用273年，则盘庚迁 殷在公元前1318年；如采用253年，则盘庚迁殷在公元前1298年。
因武丁元年确定为公元前1250年，考虑到盘庚、小辛、小乙一代三王总 年数的合理性，以253年说较妥，则盘庚迁殷在公元前1298年，今取整为公元前1300年。
盘庚迁都 - 迁都原因
从商王汤武到盘庚共历十代，中间迁都五次。
迁都的原因，后世学者众说纷纭，其中的一个重要原因可能是争夺王位。
从第六代仲丁到第十代阳甲，众兄弟之间争夺王位的斗争渐趋激烈，政治衰乱不堪。商朝的王位继承制是“兄终弟及”和“父死子继”相结合的方法。
商王死后，王位就由弟弟继承，一直到没有弟弟为止，然后才会传给儿子，至于是传给最大王子的儿子，还是传给最小王子的儿子，则没有定制。商朝统治者实行的是多妻制，一个商王如果不是短命，就会有许多儿子，这样，子侄之间就会引起争夺王位的斗争。

8. Constant moving its capital
It has something to do with the way the throne is passed on: from elder brother to younger brother;
This is similar to the situation in Norway depicted in Hamlet by William Shakespeare, regarding young Fortinbra
From Tang to Peng Geng, among 10 generations, Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times.

9. Yinxu Rediscovered in 1899
one of the oldest and largest archeological sites in China and is one of the Historical capitals of China and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is located in the very north of Henan province, close to the borders with Hebei， and Shanxi, 山西, near the modern city of Anyang, and is open to the public as the Garden Museum of Yinxu.

10. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty The Spring and Autumn Period 770 BCE to 403 BCE
Origin of the name: Spring and Autumn Annals (Chinese: 春秋 or 麟經; pinyin: Chūnqiū) is the official chronicle of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BCE to 479 BCE. It is the earliest surviving Chinese historical text to be arranged on annalistic principles. (The Book of Documents is organized by states) Confucius was credited for compilation of this work.
Spring and Autumn are two most harmonious seasons;
Synecdoche—part for the whole (internally related)
一日三秋【yīrìsānqiū】 one day (away from a dear one) seems like three autumns/years.

11. 春秋三传 The Chunqiu and its Commentaries
Because the Chunqiu account is terse and ambiguous, a commentary was supposedly made in order to explain the events.
1. Chunqiu-Zuozhuan 春秋左傳 "Spring and Autumn
Annals and the Tradition (Commentary) of Zuo Qiuming"
2. Gongyangzhuan 公羊傳 "The Commentary of Gongyang"
3. Guliangzhuan 穀梁傳 "The Commentary of Guliang"

12. Five Hegemons/Elder Brothers Duke vs. King/Emperor
Duke Huan of Qi
Duke Xiang of Song
Duke Wen of Jin
Duke Mu of Qin Duke Zhuang of Chu

13. the Five Overlords/Hegemons (春秋五霸 Chūn Qiū Wǔ Bà)
Duke Huan of Qí (齊桓公)
Duke Wen of Jìn (晉文公)
King Zhuang of Chu (楚莊王)
Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公)
Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公)
Some would add:
King Fuchai of Wú (吳王夫差)
[King Goujian of Yue]|King Goujian of Yuè]
(越王勾踐)
宋襄公（？—公元前637年）：宋桓公次子，子姓，名兹甫，谥号曰“  宋襄公
襄”，为宋国君主，称“宋公兹甫”，简曰“宋兹甫”（先秦贵族男子用氏，故不称子兹甫）。被部分史料认作为春秋五霸之一，于前650年至前637年在位。
　　周襄王二年（公元前650年）立，以其庶兄目夷为相，行“东宫图治”。周襄王十年（公元前642年）助齐国平定内乱，拥立齐孝公，襄公因此小有名气。
　　平定齐乱后宋襄公雄心勃勃，想继承齐桓公的霸业。周襄王十四年（公元前638年）宋与楚战于泓水（今河南柘城西北），结果宋军大败，次年宋襄公因重伤而卒，其子宋成公王臣继位。
　　在位时间：公元前650年—公元前637年
平定齐乱
　　在宋襄公即位的第八年，即周襄王九年（公元前643年）十月七日，  宋襄公
齐桓公去世，齐国爆发了易牙之乱。其乱始于太子之争。齐桓公有六个儿子，而且都是庶妾所生，地位平等，所以齐桓公怕自己死后诸子争位，就与管仲将公子昭（后来的齐孝公）托付给宋襄公，是为太子。等到齐桓公去世后，易牙、竖刁、开方三人废掉齐桓公立的太子公子昭， 易牙与寺人貂杀死群吏，立公子无亏为君，公子昭逃到了宋国。此时宋襄公见齐国有乱，正好齐桓公身前又将公子昭托付给自己，宋襄公是个视仁义超过自己生命的 人，同时宋襄公一心想成为霸主。宋国的实力不是很强大，但宋襄公认为公子昭来投奔他，这是个可利用的机会，于是便想乘机夺取齐国的盟主地位，就收留了公子昭。
　　周襄王十年(公元前642年)，各国诸侯接到宋襄公通知，要护送公子昭回齐国去当国君，让诸侯派兵相助，以壮声势。大部分诸侯一见是宋襄公出面号召，没几个人理会，只有卫、曹、邾几个比宋国还小的国家派了一些人马来了。宋襄公统领四国联军杀向齐国，齐国的贵族对公子昭怀有同情之心，再加上不清楚宋军实力，就把无亏与竖刁杀了，赶走了易牙，在国都临淄迎接公子昭回国。公子昭回国后当上了国君，是为齐孝公。
吴王夫差（—前473年）又称吴夫差。春秋末期吴国国君。吴王阖庐之子。姬姓，吴氏，名夫差。先秦时期男子称氏不称姓，虽为姬姓，却不叫姬夫差。但是理论上存在“姬夫差”这种说法。他继父登位之初，励精图治，大败勾践，使吴国达到鼎盛。在位后期，生活奢华无度，对外穷兵黩武，屡次北上与齐晋争锋。黄池之会，勾践趁虚攻吴，吴国一蹶不振。前473年，勾践灭吴，夫差自缢。
勾践回国後发誓复仇灭吴，臥薪嘗膽[4]， 休养生息，重用范蠡、文種等人，「十年生聚、十年教訓」。《史记·货殖列传》说：“计然之策七，越用其五而得意。”又说：“修之十年，国富，厚赂战士。士 赴矢石，如渴得饮。遂报强吴，观兵中国，称号五霸。”一年，越国向吴国进贡蒸熟的种子，使第二年吴国大饥，削弱了吴国的国力。

14. King Goujian of Yuè 越王勾践 r. 496 BC - 465 BC
卧薪尝胆
【wòxīnchángdǎn】 sleep on brushwood and taste gall-undergo self-imposed hardship so as to strengthen one's resolve to wipe out a national humiliation.
前496年，吴王阖闾攻越兵败而亡，死前嘱其子夫差复仇。夫差练兵三年，于494大败越兵，越几亡。越王勾践领五千残兵退守会稽，外示弱求和于吴，内取十年生聚、富国强兵之策，终于灭掉了吴国。

15. Duke Huan of Qi (齐桓公) Jiāng Xiǎobái (姜小白) r. 685 – 643 BC
Slogan: “respecting the king and defending against the barbarian” The king refers to King of Zhou Dynasty;
(尊王攘夷, pinyin: zūnwáng rǎngyí)
Two assistants: Guan Zhong 管仲 (Ebrey’s book 22)
& Bao Shuya 鲍叔牙
In 651 BC, Duke Huan gained his dominance at Kuiqiu Meeting 葵丘 among other states. The House of Zhou also graced the occasion and officially acknowledged his new status.
会盟【huìméng】 Meet to form an alliance/league
葵丘之会，又称葵丘会盟、葵丘之盟。前651年，齐桓公在葵丘（今中国河南民权），召集鲁国、宋国、卫国、郑国、许国、曹国等国相会结盟，规定同盟国都要言归于好；不可壅塞水源；不能阻碍粮食流通；不可改换嫡子；不可随便杀死大夫；不可不让士世袭官职；要尊贤育才等。周襄王派宰孔参加，并赐王室祭祀祖先的祭肉给齐桓公。这表示周天子承认齐桓公的霸主地位，标志着齐国的霸业达到了顶峰。
在民权县城东黄河故道北岸有葵丘台遗址。

16. Duke Huan of Qi A Man of Magnanimity
685 BC- Race for the Throne against his elder brother Gongzijiu 公子纠.
Feigned death when shot on the sash by Guan Zhong, tutor of Gongzijiu,
Upon Bao Shuya’s 鲍书牙advice, Duke Huan hired Guan Zhong as his chancellor for the first reform in history. “Second Father”仲父 [zhòngfù]
Thus Qi became powerful.
Tasted a steamed infant!
公子糾（?－前685年）)，中國春秋時代齊國人，姜姓，齊襄公之弟及齊桓公之兄。
齊襄公時，各公子 (主要是其兄弟) 各自流亡他國以避禍。公子糾的母親是魯國人，故他在管仲及召忽的輔佐及陪同下逃到魯國。公孫無知被殺後，魯國發兵送公子糾回國，卻被公子小白用計爭先。小白回國即位，是為齊桓公。
齊桓公即位後，威脅入侵庇護公子糾的魯國。魯國憂慮齊國的入侵，所以在笙瀆處決了公子糾。召忽自殺，管仲則被押回齊國。齊桓公因鮑叔牙的推薦而起用管仲，遂成霸業。

17. Guan Zhong & Bao Shuya 管仲与鲍叔牙
Though an able administrator in his own right, Bao is best known for his friendship with Guan, and for persuading Duke Huan of Qi to put aside personal enmities and elevate Guan Zhong to the post of Chancellor. As an official he was renowned as a judge of character and talent, with Guan Zhong himself commenting that "My parents gave birth to me, but it is Bao who knows me best."

18. Guan Zhong (725 BC-645 BC) The Best Chancellor/Prime Minister During the Spring and Autumn Period 春秋第一相
Guan Zhong (Chinese: 管仲, Wade-Giles: Kuan Chung) (born 725 BC, died in 645 BC) was a Chinese politician in the Spring and Autumn Period. His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC who was shot by him!

19. Guan Zhong’s Reform
1. Redefined the ownership of land: Abolishment of Well/Field land system and legalized private ownership of land;
This is a dramatic break from the system of the Zhou Dynasty in which the land belonged to dukes and princes;
井田制【jǐngtiánzhì】 the 'nine squares' system with one large square divided into 9 small ones (like the Chinese character 井), the 8 outer ones being allocated to serfs who had to cultivate the central one for the serf owner.

20. Guan Zhong’s Reform Military and (Farmland) Tax Code
Military: to establish a regular army;
Divided the whole country into 21 villages: 6 being workers/businessmen or merchants; 15 being farmer-soldiers;
An integrated model which is both social and military
Since everybody knows everybody else, all their interests are tied up together;
Therefore for defense, they all tried to cover each other; in battles, they all tried to protect each other;
Recorded in Discourse on the States 《国语》
Tax on the farmland: depending on the texture/quality of the soil
productivity of the land,
Comparable to Graduated Income Tax or Progressive Income Tax in America
Tax bracket—republicans oppose higher tax to the rich;
Is individual success truly individual?
A system of taxation in which persons or corporations are assessed a percentage of their income as tax liability according to their theoretical ability to pay. That is, taxpayers pay more in taxes if they earn more in income. For example, taxpayers may pay 25% of their income in taxes up to a certain income, and 35% of everything earned over that amount. A theory behind progressive taxation states that persons or corporations who earn the same or a similar amount of money should be taxed in the same or a similar way. For example, the theory states that two individuals making $50,000 per year should be taxed the same amount, regardless of how they earned their income. This is known as horizontal equity. While most countries have some form of progressive taxation, it is usually coupled with other taxes such as a sales tax, and few countries treat all income as exactly the same.
Farlex Financial Dictionary. © 2009 Farlex, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Horizontal Equity
A theory that persons or corporations who earn the same or a similar amount of money should be taxed in the same or a similar way. For example, horizontal equity states that two individuals making $50,000 per year should be taxed the same amount, regardless of how they earned their income. Horizontal equity is the idea behind the progressive tax system in place in many countries, though few countries implement it entirely.

21. Discourse on the States 《国语》
Time: Spring & Autumn Periods; 春秋战国时代
Genre: Historical Prose; 作品体裁: 历史散文
It covers 500 years of history since 976 BCE;
Unlike Records of the Grand Scribes/Historians 《史记》that openly expresses the author’s perspective or point of view, Discourse on the States is featured with more objective descriptions, which allows the reader to draw their own conclusions;

22. Brothels in the State of Qi
Guan Zhong had seven markets established in Zibo淄博, Shandong Province;
To attract businessmen and merchants, along with these markets, as many as 700 brothels came into being;
清代褚人在《堅瓠續集》卷一記：「管子治齊，置女閭七百，徵其夜合之資，以充國 用，此即教坊花粉錢之始也。」
Guan Zhong attracted more praises than criticisms in history

23. Duke Wen of Jin (晋文公) 697BCE— 628BCE
Named Chong'er (重耳; literally, "Double Ears") although there is no material evidence of deformity. However, Zuo Zhuan notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership.
(American writer Henry James suffered constipation, on which his mother claimed it was a sign of his strength.)
Duke of Xian晉獻公 had six wives.
骊姬之乱（657—651）Troubles of Li Ji, a concubine who framed the Crown Prince Shensheng申生 in order to have her own son Xi Qi 奚齐 anointed.
请参考《左传》鲁庄公二十八年（前666年）。

24. 鸩【zhèn】 a legendary bird with poisonous feathers; <formal> poisoned wine;
The crown prince once got a piece of meat for sacrificial ceremonies—the best cut. Liji had it soaked in the poisonous wine from Zhen feathers.
When Shensheng offered the meat to his father king, it dropped onto the floor. His dog ate it and died immediately. That nailed the crown prince.
Both princes were sent to an exile.
Chong Er was exiled for 19 years before gaining the throne at 62 with the help of Duke Mu of Qin
秦穆公;

25. Trouble of Liji（657BC—651BC） Liji Framed the Crown Prince Again
无中生有
【wúzhōngshēngyǒu】 purely fictitious; fabricated; groundless;
骊姬叫太子和她一起郊游。骊姬先在头发上涂了蜂蜜，使蜜蜂都聚集在她的头发旁边。骊姬说：“太子您可不可以帮我赶走它们呢？”太子从她的身后用袖子赶走蜜 蜂蝴蝶。晋献公看见了，以为调戏的事情是真的。
最后,申生身被恶名，无法洗雪，自缢而死。
Liji “begged” the king to call the crown prince back.
She entertained the prince at a banquet. Then she told the king that the crown prince made a pass at her…
Then during an outing, Liji spread some honey on her hair, which attracted bees. She then asked the crown prince to help chase them away. When he waved his sleeve from behind, the father king caught a glimpse of the scene.
Shensheng hanged himself at last.
《左传·僖公四年》：“初，晋献公欲以骊姬为夫人，卜之不吉，筮之吉。” 明 梁辰鱼 《浣纱记·论侠》：“ 晋献公有子三人，长曰申生，次曰重耳 ，次曰夷吾。献公听骊姬之谮，申生自杀，重耳奔翟国， 夷吾守屈城 。”

26. Duke of Jin Chong Er Made His Name After 19 Years’ Exile
In 635 BCE, Chong Er helped King Xiang of Zhou to regain his throne from Prince Dai.
He led Jin as the head of the coalition of states against the state of Chu. At the battle of Chengpu 城濮之戰 , Jin troops defeated the state of Chu. At Jiantu , Duke Wen gained hegemony over the states.
退避三舍【tuìbìsānshě】 retreat ninety li - give away to sb. to avoid a conflict, a promise made by Chong Er to the Duke of Chu Chengwang 成王.

27. Self-Indulgent for Three Years
King Zhuang of Chu ascended the throne in 631 BC, but for three years, he had been self-indulgent. His senior minister Wu Jumao challenged him with a riddle…

28. Amaze the World with a Single Brilliant Feat
三年不飞，一飞冲天；三年不鸣，一鸣惊人。 一鸣惊人
【yīmíngjīngrén】 (of an obscure person) amaze the world with a single brilliant feat.
Source: Collected Works of Han Fei
【出处】选自《韩非子 ·喻老》： “三年不飞，飞将冲天；三年不鸣，鸣将惊人！”
楚庄王于公元前613年登基，即位之初，沉迷声色，荒于政事，并下令拒绝一切劝谏，违者“杀无赦”。大臣伍举冒 以隐言进谏，称楚国高地有一大鸟，栖息三年，不飞不鸣，不知是什么鸟，当时庄王即位已经第三年，庄王知道伍举在以大鸟讽喻自己，于是回答说，大鸟三年不 飞，飞则冲天；三年不鸣，鸣必惊人。然而此后数月，庄王依然如故，仍旧以淫乐为好，大夫苏从冒死再次进谏，庄王终于听从劝告，奋起图治，诛杀小人，任用贤良，使得楚国国 力日益强盛

29. King Zhuang of Chu (楚莊王) Mi Lǚ (羋侶) r. 613-591
He made Sunshu Ao (孫叔敖) Chancellor and started reforms. The agricultural output of the state of Chu was much better under his reign, improved by Sunshu Ao's large dam-works and enormous planned reservoir created in modern-day northern Anhui province. In 611 BC he annexed the state of Yong and made Chu much stronger.
After some brilliant victories with his army, he attempted to take the place of the King of Zhou. He asked the messenger of Zhou about the weight of the 9 dings of Zhou, which were the symbols of hegemony for which only a son of heaven is entitled; but was scolded by the messenger.
问鼎中原 606 BCE--鼎【dǐng】 tripod cauldron., an ancient cooking vessel with two loop handles and three or four legs.
九鼎 [jiǔdǐng] –only the son of heaven is entitled to nine cauldrons;
《史记·滑稽列传》中说，楚庄王有一匹心爱之马，庄王给马的待遇不仅超过了对待百姓， 甚至超过了给大夫的待遇。庄王给它穿刺绣的 衣服，吃有钱人家才吃得起的枣脯，住富丽堂皇的房子。后来，这匹马因为恩宠过度，得肥胖症而死。楚庄王让群臣给马发丧，并要以大夫之礼为之安葬（内棺外椁）。大臣们认为庄王在侮辱大家，说大家和马一样。从而，众臣对庄王此举表示不满。 庄王下令，说再有议论葬马者，将被处死。
优孟听说楚庄王要葬马的事，跑进大殿，仰天痛哭。庄王很吃惊，问其缘由。优孟说， 死掉的马是大王的心爱之物，堂堂楚国，地大物博，无所不有，而如今只以大夫之礼安葬，太吝啬了。大王应该以君王之礼为之安葬。庄王听后，无言以对，只好取 消以大夫之礼葬马的打算。

30. How Can You Sweep All Land Under Heaven Clean? Another Mi Lǚ ?
我国汉代有个叫陈蕃的人,有一次他父亲的朋友到他家中,见屋中十分肮脏,便问:"何以不洒扫以待宾客?"陈蕃不屑一顾地回答:"大丈夫志在千里,何以扫一 屋."那位朋友告诫说:"一屋不扫何以扫天下."
In the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) there was a young man called Chen Fan. Once his father’s guest saw Fan’s room in great disorder and asked him why he couldn’t keep it clean. Chen Fan boasted, a true man’s ambition lies in sweeping all land under heaven. Why should I bother with such a trivial thing? The guest asked, how can you sweep clean all land under heaven when you can not even keep your own room tidy?

31. 【gǎnsǐduì】 dare-to-die corps.
Duke Mu of Qin (秦穆公) r Pioneer Who Paved the Way for Founding of the Qin Dynasty
Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government 《资治通鉴》 recorded an anecdote: Once Duke of Mu lost a horse. As it turned out, three hundred farmers shared the meat.
Duke of Mu decided to release all the offenders. Moreover, he offered wine to all of them by pointing out that it is not a good idea to eat horse meat on an empty stomach without wine.
These three hundred farmers became his 敢死队
【gǎnsǐduì】 dare-to-die corps.
秦穆公宽厚仁爱，不计较小事。《资治通鉴》中有这样一个故事。秦穆公走失了一匹马，岐山脚下的农民捉得并分给三百个人一起吃了它。（秦穆公的）官吏追捕到 了（食马的人），想按照法律来处置他们。秦穆公说：“有德才的人不因为畜生而杀人。我听说吃马肉而不喝酒，就会伤及身体。”于是便给酒他们饮。后来秦穆公 攻打晋国，（那）三百人听说秦穆公被晋军围困，拿着锐利的武器以死相救，来报答给马肉吃的恩德。这次秦穆公擒获了晋侯班师回国。

32. 吴王阖庐 514年一496 BCE Duke He Lu of Wu
As Prince Guang wanted to kill King Liao of Wu and take the throne himself, Zhuan Zhu was recommended to Prince Guang by Wu Zixu 伍子胥 . After Zhuan Zhu accomplished his mission in 515 BC the prince ascended the throne of Wu and became King Helü. The king assigned Wu Zixu to lead the design and building of the "great city," which evolved into the city of Suzhou today.
上有天堂,下有苏杭【shàngyǒutiāntáng,xiàyǒusūháng】
Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth

33. State Wu defeated state of Chu
In 506 BC Helü with the help of Wu Zixu and Sun-tzu/Sunzi, the author of The Art of War, launched major offensives against the state of Chu, the biggest state in the south, including Hunan and Hubei). They prevailed in five battles, one of which was the Battle of Boju 柏舉之戰 506 BCE) , and conquered the city of Ying (Chinese: 郢), capital of the Chu State.
His son, King Fuchai of Wu, succeeded him in 495 BC.

34. Larger Patterns
1. How to treat talented people?
“鸟择木，无木择鸟”
Bird chooses its roost/tree, not the other around;
2. a man of Magnanimity/
Persistence
3. Reform
Endless power struggles among princes and their mothers;
良禽择木而栖 贤臣择主而侍
"良禽择木而栖”出自《孔子》 “还有，”贞明夫人一面为丈夫戴正头上的黑色官帽，一面又说：“有道是：良禽择木而栖，贤臣择主而侍。” 良禽择木。 贞明夫人所引的“良禽择木”是孔子在卫国时说过的话。当时卫灵公寻问孔子关于作战布阵的事情，孔子立即回答：“俎豆之事，则尝闻之矣；军旅之事未尝学也。(注：祭祀礼仪之类的事，我听说过；用兵打仗的事，我没有学过。)” 之后，孔子便催促学生们准备离开卫国。学生们不知其故，于是孔子说道：“鸟择木，无木择鸟。” 此言后来演变为“良禽择木而栖，贤臣择主而侍”孔子认为，君子遇事之时应看清在哪才能使自己的聪明才智得到最大程度的运用。

35. Confucius See the Movie
Three-Way Thought in China
State of Lu and its dynamics