1. Foundations of Sociological Inquiry Quantitative Data Analysis

2. Today’s Objectives  Quantitative Data  Statistics  Distributions  Comparative Analysis  Questions?

3. Quantitative Data  the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect.

4. Examples of Quantitative Data  Age  1 = 1  2 = 2  3 = 3  4 = 4  5 = 5  Sex  Male = 1  Female = 2  Education  Less than HS = 1  High School/GED = 2  Some College = 3  College Degree = 4  Region of Country  West = 1  Midwest = 2  South = 3  Northeast = 4

5. Recommended Salary for Job Candidates: $4000 $70,000 $40,000 $80,000 $120,000 $135,000 $70,000 $50,000 $67,000.00 $500,000 $50,000 $75,000.00 $60,000 $150,000 $20,000 $50000.00 $70,000 $80,000 $62,000 $200,000 95,000 $75000 $70,000 $80000 $75,000 $45,000 a year $100,000 $250,000 $65,000.00 $45000.00 $75,000 $88,000 $80,000.00 $150,000 $55,000 $130,000 $60,000 $78,000 $150,000 $50,000 70000 $45,000-60,000 $80,000 $75,000 $55000 $40,000 95,000 $80,000 $30,000.00 $80000 $30000 $70,000 $50,000 $50,000 $65000 $80,000 $? $80,000 $50000 $50000 (I have no idea how much Marketing Executive gets paid usually) 150,000 $74,000 $60,000 $60,000 $65,00 $80,000 $65,000 $90,000 $70,000 $90,000 $80,000 $45000 $45000 $35000 $100,000 $85,000 $50,000 $60000 80000 $85,000 $58000 $60000 $70,000 $80,000 $70,000 $40000 $70,000 $80,000 $60,000 $200,000 $80,000 $50000 $60,000 - $75,000 $80,000 $60,000 $45,000 $50,000 $90,000 $30,000 $60,000 50000 $200,000.00 $40000.00 $60000 $50,000 $75,000 $60000 $180000 $120,000 $80000 $55,000 $50,000 85000 $145,000 $ $85,000 $55,000 $70000 $75, 000 $60,000 60000 $ 10,000 $100000 $65000 $85,000 $80,000 $60,000 $ 70,000 $80,000 $75,000.00 $100,000 $50000.00 $70,000 $95,000 $92,000 $70,000 $50,000 $68,000 $80,000 $40,000 $30,000 $50,000 $60,000 $40,000 $80,000 $65,000 $i dont know $90,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $65000 $70,000 $ $100,000 $72000 $70,000 $50,000 $110,000.000 $80000 $18,000 $110,000 $200,000 $100,000 $80000

6. Statistics are used to:  Summarize data  Make statements of inference

7. Statistics are used to:  Summarize data  Measures of central tendency  Distributions  Make statements of inference

8. Statistics are used to:  Summarize data  Make statements of inference  Frequentist interpretation:  Under repeated sampling, how likely is it that you will find an effect this large or larger?  Bayesian interpretation:  What is a credible interval surrounding any measure of central tendency, correlation, or association?

9. Ways of looking at quantitative data  Measures of Central Tendency  Distributions/Dispersion

10. The _______ is computed by summing the values of several observations and dividing by the number of observations? 1. frequency 2. mean 3. median 4. mode

11. Ways of looking at quantitative data  Measures of Central Tendency  Mean – an average computed by summing the values of several observations and dividing by the number of observations.  Mode- an average representing the most frequently observed value or attribute.  Median – an average representing the value of the “middle” case in a rank-ordered set of observations.  Distributions/Dispersion

12. Recommended Salary for Job Candidates Candidate 1 Candidate 2 Candidate 3 Candidate 4 Mean$94,225$67,125$77,012$73,414 Mode$70,000$80,000$60,000$80,000 Median$75,000$65,000$68,750$70,000 N40374143 Valid N40364041

13. Recommended Salary for Job Candidates

14. A measure of dispersion describes 1. where the data are clustered. 2. which data are the most important. 3. how the data are distributed around some central value. 4. which data are appropriate for analysis. 5. discrete data only.

15. Ways of looking at quantitative data  Measures of Central Tendency  Distributions/Dispersion  Maximum, Minimum  Range  Probability (Normal, Poisson, Binomial, Chi-square, Student’s T, F)

16. Recommended Salary for Job Candidates Candidate 1 Candidate 2 Candidate 3 Candidate 4 Min-Max$4000- 500,000 $30,000- 150,000 $30,000- 200,000 $10,000- 200,000 Range$496,000$120,000$170,000$190,000 Std Dev$80,669$23,222$39,551$30,523 N40374143 Valid N40364041

17. Recommended Salary for Job Candidates

18. Two factories (Apparel and Shoe) show annual average wages of $30,000. However, the range of salaries in the Apparel factory is $5,000, while the range of salaries in the Shoe factory is $15,000. Which of the factories has a larger variation in income? 1. apparel factory 2. shoe factory 3. neither 4. Both factories have equal variation in income. 5. The range is not the appropriate measure.

19. Comparative Analysis  Describe subsets of cases, subjects or respondents.  Compare empirical relationship between variables.  Determine logical direction of relationship (independent variable and dependent variable).  Analyze simultaneous relationships among several variables.

20. Questions?