1. Chapter 54 Chapter 54 HIV and Osteoporosis Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. FIGURE 54.1 Comparison of fracture prevalence in HIV-infected vs. non-HIV-infected patients according to gender and age group. Source: from Triant V A et al. JCEM 2008;93:3499–3504 (© Endocrine Society 2008) [23]. 2

3. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 54.2 Evolution of bone mineral density (BMD) in men (thin solid line) and women (thick solid line) with superimposed trajectories of BMD in HIV-positive (HIV+) men (thin dashed lines) and HIV-negative women (thick dashed lines). In both HIV-positive men and women, initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is associated with an accelerated rate of bone loss which stabilizes after 1 to 2 years of ART. In younger men and women on established ART regimens, BMD changes at the same rate as in uninfected individuals; however in postmenopausal women and older men, rate of bone loss may be higher in HIV-infected than uninfected individuals. Source: adapted from Orwoll ES et al. Endocr Rev. 1995;16(1):87–116. 3