1. 6/1/991 Internetworking connectionless and connection-oriented networks Malathi Veeraraghavan Mark Karol Polytechnic UniversityBell Laboratories mv@poly.edumk@lucent.com Outline: »Why internetwork? »Prior work »Our proposal

2. 6/1/992 Why internetwork? Router Switch Endpoint Connection-Oriented (CO) Network Connectionless (CL) NetworkCL Network

3. 6/1/993 Problem Statement Applications at endpoints start sending data without warning in connectionless networks CO networks need a connection setup phase So how do the gateways cope with the traffic arriving from the CL networks without time to set up a connection? Connectionless Connection-oriented Packet-switching Circuit-switching Switching modes Networking modes ATM Telephony network, SONET/SDH, WDM IP

4. 6/1/994 Use provisioned connections Use provisioned connections through CO network –Suitable for some cases Provisioned connections: set up a priori based on anticipated traffic Switched connections: set up on demand as traffic arrives CO Network CL Network

5. 6/1/995 Switched connections Need switched connections for some cases – CL applications have an application-level handshake that can be used to trigger connection setups e.g., interconnecting an Internet telephony PC to a telephone e.g., H.245 signaling to Q.931 signaling through the PSTN phone CO Network Switch CL Network Router Endpoint Gateway

6. 6/1/996 Prior work Interesting case - Case 3 –A choice exists of which network to use Existing solutions: –MPOA (Multi-Protocol Over ATM) –MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) CO Network CL Network

7. 6/1/997 Solutions - MPOA MPOA: –Overlay model –Routing data not shared –Good solution if choice to use CO network made based on application needs (e.g., interactive sessions with long holding times) 1 1 5 7 10 1 1 CO Network CL Network SETUP Interactive application (long-lived flow; if flow classifier is set to use CO network for this flow type) IP packet

8. 6/1/998 Solutions - MPOA MPOA: –Not a good solution if either CL or CO network can be used for a given application (e.g., large bulk-data transfers) If flow classification does not detect this as a flow to be handled by the CO network, it will not take advantage of shorter path through the CO network 11 11 6 1 5 7 10 1 1 CO Network CL Network IP packet

9. 6/1/999 Solutions - MPLS MPLS: –Peer model –Routing data is shared –Requires every CO switch to also be a CL router –Same example as last slide - large bulk-data transfer that could go either way 11 11 6 1 5 7 10 1 1 CO /CL Network CL Network IP packet Gateway will select CO network because path is shorter IP packet SETUP IP packet SETUP IP packet SETUP IP packet SETUP Packets will be forwarded in CL mode while connection is being set up

10. 6/1/9910 Proposed solution Peer model Routing data is shared –How is this done: routing-related actions But, not all nodes in the CO network need to have CL capability Problem created: –Data arrives from the CL endpoints into the gateway before connections are set up –User-plane actions

11. 6/1/9911 Routing related actions Gateways running OSPF connected by a CO network (non- broadcast network) announce point-to-point links between gateways R1 S1 R2 R4 R7 R5 R3 R6R6 S4 S5 S3 S2 CL Network CO Network GW1 GW2 GW3 Note: switches have no CL capability

12. 6/1/9912 Routing related actions Topological view of each router and gateway R1 R2 R4 R7 R5 R3 R6R6 CL Network GW1 GW2 GW3 3 1 12 4 1 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Shortest path from R4 to R7 is via GW3 and GW2 User data packets from R4 to R7 arrive at GW3 even before connection is set up

13. 6/1/9913 User-plane actions IP datagrams arrive at the gateway to be carried through the CO network when no connection exists through it. –IP datagram could be carrying a TCP segment –IP datagram could be carrying a UDP datagram CO network used only for flows classified as needing connections or those that can be handled on either network

14. 6/1/9914 For flows for which the CO network is to be used TCP segment –If it is a SYN segment, hold it up, set up connection SYN-related time-outs are large (5 sec) –If it is a data segment, then send zero-window- size acknowledgment to halt data if persist timers get routed through some other path and new data packets arrive before the connection is set up, send another zero-window-size acknowledgment

15. 6/1/9915 For flows for which the CO network is to be used UDP datagram –For applications with user-level message exchange, hold up such messages and set up connection (e.g., H.245 open logical channel) –For applications without such exchanges use source routing to override default routes use small-bandwidth provisioned pipes

16. Applications Bulk-data e.g. ftp, smtp, http Interactive e.g., telnet, rlogin, telephony Packet-switched CO networks CL (packet-switched) networks Small amounts of data transfer Large amounts of data transfer Circuit-switched or CL networks Streaming e.g., live or stored audio or video Circuit-switched (CO) networks Peer model needed for this case

17. 6/1/9917 Comparison of CO network options Circuit switches –IP traffic is bursty by the time it reaches gateway owing to TCP congestion control –Circuit switching not efficient for bursty traffic ATM switches –20% overhead due to 10% cell header overhead + TCP acks not fitting in one cell Switched IP connections: –Reserve bandwidth and buffer for specific flow (hard state) –No additional overhead IP (network-layer) rides over DLL

18. 6/1/9918 Switched IP connections New IP routers capable of performing multi-tuple route lookups/scheduling at wire-speed –destination and source addresses –destination and source ports –protocol type and TOS (Type of Service) Question: Are there any conditions under which a network of ATM switches or circuit switches can perform better than these “IP switches?”

19. 6/1/9919 Options Option 1: –Use protocol conversion not protocol encapsulation Avoids having to carry TCP ACKs in CO network Much simpler transport-layer protocol can be used in CO network since the network nodes now maintain state and perform congestion control (instead of state information being maintained at endpoints) Option 2: –Generate traffic at endpoints in mode appropriate for network used

20. 6/1/9920 Option 1: Protocol conversion Drawback: TCP state information about many connections needs to be held at the gateways Feasibility as yet untested. DLL IP TCP/UDP APP PHY Endpoint DLL IP TCP/UDP APP PHY Endpoint DLL ATM AAL5 APP PHY TCP/UDP IP DLL Gateway DLL IP TCP/UDP APP PHY AAL5 ATM DLL Gateway Router IP DLL PHY DLL ATM ATM Switch DLL PHY DLL

21. 6/1/9921 Option 2: Download software to endpoints Web browser TCP/IP Link-layer module CO Network CL Network Web server TCP/IP Link-layer module CO device driver CO interface program CO device driver CO interface program CGI Link-layer mux/demux Link-layer mux/demux Both Windows and Solaris allow for device driver addition

22. 6/1/9922 Conclusions For applications whose data can be carried in either the CL network or CO network, internetworking should allow for the exchange of routing information (peer model) Requiring all CO nodes to have CL capability seems too constraining (an MPLS requirement) Hence, our proposed solution: –Share routing data –“Halt” or “turn back traffic” while setting up connections To overcome overheads of protocol encapsulation –Perform protocol conversion, or –Download software to endpoints for CO service