3.  Government agency responsible for coordinating pro-war propaganda  Distributed pamphlets, arranged public speakers, recorded songs, and made short patriotic films  Government assumed new role of manipulating public opinion, controlling what information about the war the public had access to

4.  Prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, support America's enemies during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or interfere with military recruitment

5.  Limited freedom of speech by making it illegal to publicly express any opposition to the war  Government could (and did) prosecute anyone who criticized the government

6.  Charles Schenck, a socialist, had been sending pamphlets to men urging them not to report if drafted  Schenck was convicted of violating the Espionage Act  Supreme Court upheld Schenck’s conviction and ruled that an individual’s freedom of speech can be limited by the government when it presents a “ clear and present danger,” such as during times of war

7.  1855 – 1926  5-time Socialist candidate for US President  Gave an anti-war speech in 1918 and was sentenced to 10 years in prison for violating the Sedition Act (only served 3 years)  Appealed to the Supreme Court; the result of Debs v. US was the same as Schenck v. US

8.  Federal agency which acted to mediate and quickly settle labor disputes to avoid disrupting the war effort  Pressured industry to keep workers happy with increased wages, shorter workdays, and respect for unions

9.  European immigration halted during the war  This created employment opportunities for minorities  Many blacks left the South for factory jobs in the North (The Great Migration)  Many Mexicans entered the US to fill the labor shortage on farms in the Southwest and in factories in the North

10.  As regular factory production resumed, demand for consumer goods skyrocketed, driving up prices  Inflation in 1919 alone was over 15%  Rising cost-of-living led to increased wage demands by labor

11.  Shipbuilders in Seattle went on strike for better wages, inspiring other workers in Seattle to follow suit  60,000 workers went on strike, but gained little before returning to work  Still, the size of the strike and its effect on the city were alarming

12.  1919: 75% of police went on strike for higher pay, leading to rioting and looting due to lawlessness  Gov. Calvin Coolidge sent in the National Guard to restore order  When policemen tried to return to work, they were fired and replaced with new hires, with Coolidge’s approval

13.  350,000 steel workers went on strike  US Steel blamed the strike on foreign immigrants, painted the strikers as un- American  Hired African-Americans and Mexican immigrants to replace the workers and keep the steel mills running  Despite several violent clashes, the striking workers gained nothing

14.  Labor unrest led to fears that Communists were trying to create a revolt in the US similar to the one in Russia  April 1919: dozens of bombs were sent through the US Mail to important government officials and business leaders, further encouraging the belief that communists were plotting against the US

15.  Federal agents raided the headquarters of various radical organizations, trying to identify the terror bombers  No evidence was ever found, but hundreds of immigrants were deported due to suspicion  Agents violated civil rights - entered homes without search warrants, jailed individuals without charges, and refused lawyers – all violations of basic civil rights

16.  1872 – 1936  US Attorney General  Became an assassination target of anarchists, survived two bomb attacks  Organized a new branch of the Justice Department – the General Intelligence Unit (GIU) – to investigate “radical” organizations

17.  1895 – 1972  Hand picked by Palmer to head the GIU, remained in charge until his death in 1972 (the GIU became the FBI in 1935)  Well known for using extralegal methods

18.  Ferdinando Nicola Sacco (1891–1927) and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888–1927)  Italian immigrants  1920: Convicted of armed robbery and murder in a highly controversial trial, many believed they were blamed simply due to the fact that they were immigrants and associated with anarchists  Executed in 1927, despite a confession to the crime by another individual

19.  Violent racism erupted in Northern cities as WWI veterans returned to work only to find themselves competing with blacks and Mexican immigrants for jobs  Worst was in Chicago where a two-week long riot killed 38 and injured hundreds

20.  The KKK was reborn in 1915 as a much more formally structured organization  Preached on the purification of America, practiced racism, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and antisemitism  Strongest in Midwestern cities like Detroit & Chicago  May have reached membership of 15 million

21.  Sauerkraut became “liberty cabbage,” hamburger became “Salisbury steak”  Schools stopped teaching German  Orchestras refused to play works by German- born conductors like Beethoven

22.  Private citizens’ group founded in 1917 (with the approval of the DOJ) to monitor German- Americans for signs of anti-war sentiments and to report draft dodgers  Officially disbanded in 1919, but local branches continued to operate in conjunction with other racist groups such as the KKK

23.  The push to ban alcohol in the US was also motivated by discrimination  Vodka was a Russian drink, while beer was a German drink – both groups who were out of favor in the United States

24.  Election of 1920 was won by Republican Warren G. Harding  Harding campaigned on a return to simpler times  Americans had tired of the reforms of Progressivism, the unrest of war and labor disputes

25.  1922: Meeting in Washington DC between the US, Great Britain, Japan, and other nations with interests in the Pacific  Purpose of the conference was to defuse potential future conflicts in the Pacific  All parties agreed to limit the sizes of their navies, restrict certain types of armaments, and to not fortify islands in the Pacific  This agreement made it easier for Japan to expand its empire

26.  1924: When Germany could not meet its reparation debts from the Treaty of Versailles, the US loaned Germany the money to refinance its debt  US wanted to avoid the possibility of a new conflict in Europe