1. 1 Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Consists of  kidneys  ureters  urinary bladder  urethra 2

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6.  Reddish brown, bean-shaped organ  Enclosed in tough, fibrous capsule  Approximately  12 cm high  6 cm wide  3 cm thick  Left slightly larger 6

7. 7  positioned retroperitoneally - behind the parietal peritoneum

8. 8  Lie on either side of the vertebral column,  High on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, just at the 12 th rib  Left slightly higher than right  Surrounded by fat

9. 9 Renal Sinus  Concave area  Contains Renal Pelvis  Is entrance for blood vessels and ureter – area is called hilum

10. 10  3 Main areas 1. Renal Cortex – outer shell 2. Renal Medulla – main area of tissue 3. Renal Pelvis -2 types of funnel shaped calyces (major calyx and minor calyx)

11. 11 Cortex and Medulla contain functional units of kidneys called nephron

12. 12  removal of metabolic wastes (contain nitrogen and sulfur hence smell of urine) from the blood and excretion to the outside of the body  regulation of  red blood cell production (by hormone erythropoietin)  blood pressure (by enzyme renin)  calcium ion absorption (activates Vitamin D)  volume, composition, and pH of the blood

13. 13 Kidneys receive 15-30% of cardiac output (blood pumped with each heart beat)

14. 14 Interlobular vessels go to nephron. Two types: 1.Afferent – incoming vessel 2.Efferent – outgoing vessel

15. 15 nephrons remove wastes from the blood and regulate water and electrolyte concentrations urine is the final product of the processes of: glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkyFPMXa28c

16.  Functional unit of kidney  About 1 million per kidney  Consist of 2 parts  Renal Corpuscle  Renal Tubule 16

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18. 1. Glomerulus  cluster of blood capillaries  Where filtration of blood occurs 2. Bowman’s capsule  Glomerular capsule  Saclike structure  Catches the filtrate from the glomerulus 18

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20.  As a result of the smaller Efferent arteriole the blood in the Glomerulus is under great pressure.  The pressure forces substances out of the capillaries and into the Bowman Capsule  Proteins are too large to pass and are not normally filtered out 20

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22. 22 Collects the filtrate from the glomerulus and directs it into the tubule.

23. 23 average amounts over a 24 hour period 180 L of filtrate produced each 24 hours. Would dehydrate if reabsorption didn’t take place.

24. 24 Primarily three mechanisms are responsible for keeping the GFR constant Increased sympathetic impulses decrease GFR by causing afferent arterioles to constrict Renin-angiotensin system Autoregulat ion Renin-Angiotensin system

25. 25 transports substances from the glomerular filtrate into the blood within the peritubular capillary Most of the fluids and particles filtered out initially will be returned to the blood. This happens in the proximal convoluted tubule and Loop of Henle.

26. 26 osmosis reabsorbs water in response to reabsorbing sodium and other solutes by active transport in the proximal portion of the renal tubule

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28. 28 transports substances from the blood within the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule

29. 29 In distal convoluted tubules, potassium ions or hydrogen ions may be passively secreted in response to active reabsorption of sodium ions

30. 30 the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct are impermeable to water, so water may be excreted as dilute urine if ADH is present, these segments become permeable, and water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the hypertonic medullary interstitial fluid

31. 31 Glomerular Filtration substances move from blood to glome rular capsule Tubular Reabsorption substances move from renal tubules into blood of peritubular capillaries glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine amino, lactic, citric, and uric acids phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions Tubular Secretion substances move from blood of peritubular capillaries into renal tubules drugs and ions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCQ-5iwTQvM

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34. 34 Urea by-product of amino acid catabolism plasma concentration reflects the amount or protein in diet enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration contributes to the reabsorption of water from the collecting duct Uric Acid product of nucleic acid metabolism enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration most reabsorption occurs by active transport ~10% secreted and excreted

35. 35 about 95% water usually contains urea, uric acid, and creatinine may contain trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes volume varies with fluid intake and environmental factors

36. 36 Flow of urine: 1. nephrons 2. collecting ducts 3. renal papillae 4. minor and major calyces 5. renal pelvis 6. ureters 7. urinary bladder 8. urethra 9. outside

37. 37 25 cm long extend downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum parallel to vertebral column in pelvic cavity, join urinary bladder Peristaltic waves move urine wall of ureter mucous coat muscular coat fibrous coat

38. 38 hollow, distensible, muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity, posterior to the symphysis pubis and inferior to the parietal peritoneum

39. 39 the internal floor of the bladder includes a triangular area called the trigone which has an opening at each of three angles

40. 40 tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

41. 41 urination reflex Distension of the bladder walls stimulates the urge to urinate. Urethral sphincters (internal & external) relax to open passageway

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44. 44 kidneys appear scarred and grainy kidney cells die by age 80, kidneys have lost a third of their mass kidney shrinkage due to loss of glomeruli proteinuria may develop renal tubules thicken harder for kidneys to clear certain substances bladder, ureters, and urethra lose elasticity bladder holds less urine

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46. 46 Glomerulonephritis inflammation of glomeruli may be acute or chronic acute glomerulonephritis usually occurs as an immune reaction to a Streptococcus infection antigen-antibody complexes deposited in glomeruli and cause inflammation most patients recover from acute glomerulonephritis chronic glomerulonephritis is a progressive disease and often involves diseases other than that caused by Streptococcus renal failure may result from chronic glomerulonephritis