1. Managing Delinquency Session 4 Management of Hardcore Delinquent Accounts Loan Write Offs

2. Management of Hardcore Delinquent Accounts Remedial Management includes a series of options to collect hardcode delinquent accounts. These options include: Loan write-offs Debt Recovery Program Collection Agencies Legal process Managed and Performed By a Remedial Management Unit within the Bank. This is the “Life After the Write-Off”

3. Loan Write Off REMEDIAL MANAGEMENT IDENTIFY/CLASSIFY ACCOUNTS UNCOLLECTIBLECOLLECTIBLE Debt Recovery Program Collection Agencies Legal Actions Process Identify and Manage Hardcore Delinquent Accounts

4. Classification of Hardcore Accounts and Recommended Actions to be taken Write off accounts who don’t have the capacity to pay and those borrowers who can no longer located. Seek for legal remedies With capacity Not willing to pay Pursue collection With capacity to PayWilling to pay Classify Accounts as to Probability of Collection Capacity to PayWillingness to Pay

5. Portfolio-at-Risk Aging Report

6. Loan Write-Offs

7. Lesson Objectives Understand the importance and basics of loan write-offs Advantages and disadvantages of writing off Regulations in relation to write-offs.

8. Loan Write-Offs Definition  Removing a loan account from the bank’s active portfolio and classifying that loan as written off  It is an accounting function where a written off account is classified from active to bad debts written off;

9. Why Write-Off Loans? 1. Allows the bank to recover the costs allocated for bad debts. 2. Trims the excess “fat” from assets, and reflects the true value of loan portfolio. 3. A unit (or RMU) can focus on collection and recovery. 4. Allows staff (account officers) to focus on the generation and management of quality accounts. 5. Provides more flexibility and options in recovering bad accounts.

10. What happens when bad debts are not written off?  Loan portfolio becomes loaded with non- performing assets; size of loan portfolio and assets becomes ‘misleading’.  Amount of portfolio at risk will continue to be high  Instead of generating new and good accounts, AOs & supervisors spend more time for follow up and collection that produces minimal results.  Bank does not get the benefits from the expenses already incurred for loan/loss provisioning.

11. Loan Write Offs... Advantages to the Lender Balance Sheet Cleanses and improves the portfolio quality Income Statement Helps reduce the bank’s tax liability Written off accounts when collected turn into income Loan Recovery Loan write offs can be delegated to a specialized unit to focus on recovery.

12. Tax Benefits from write offs: Illustrative Example Item No write offWith write off Gross IncomeP100,000,000100,000,000 Less: Operating expenses50,000,000 Other expenses20,000,000 Provision for loan losses 5,000,000 (5,000,000) 5,000,000 (5,000,000) Expense for Bad debts written off 05,000,000 Net income before taxP 30,000,000P25,000,000 ?? Income tax due (30%)9,000,0007,500,000 Tax savingsP1,500,000 NOTE: BIR recognizes provisioning as an expense only with actual write offs.

13. Loan Loss Provisioning The setting-up and maintenance of sufficient reserves to absorb losses inherent in the loan portfolio or other bank assets. Loan Loss Provisions is an EXPENSE:  required to be set up under BSP regulations;  is charged to the bank’s current operations.  a permanent cost item which cannot be reversed, but needs to be replenished when the situation warrants.

14. Loan Loss Provisioning AccountsLoan Loss Provision Rate Current 1% 1-30 day PAR 2% 31-60 days PAR and accounts restructured once 20% 61-90 days PAR50% PAR over 90 days and accounts restructured twice 100%

15. Loan Loss Provisioning ( Sample) AccountsPortfolio at RiskLoan Loss RateLoan Loss Provision Current18,500,0001%185,000 1-30 days30,0002%600 31-60 days50,00020%10,000 61-90 days150,00050%75,000 Over day days1,250,000100%1,250,000 Total19,980,0001,520,600

16. Loan loss provisions and loan write offs In order to benefit from this expense item, the bank must use it for the purpose it was created, that is, write off bad loans against the existing amount of provisions. A bank with an adequate amount set up for loan losses need not incur additional expense when writing off bad loans. In fact, the bank benefits from the tax that does not need to be paid on the amount written off during the period.

17. Loan Write Offs Illustration: Balance Sheet Total Loan Portfolio P xxxxxx Less: Specific Loan-loss provision ( xxxxxx ) General loan-loss provision ( xxxxxx ) Loan Portfolio – Net P xxxxxx Note: The loan-loss provision stated in the balance sheet is an allowance serving as reserves or buffer for future credit loss. It is only during actual write offs, that these reserves are utilized

18. Loan Write Offs Illustration: Income Statement Total Operating Income P xxxxxx Less: Operating Expenses – Interest expense xxx – Compensation/benefits xxx – Bad debts written off xxx – Provisions (loan-loss) xxx – Etc xxx Net Operating Income P xxxxxx Extraordinary Credits – Recovery from Charged Off NET INCOME BEFORE TAX P xxxxxx

19. Loan Write Offs Accounting Entries: 1. Booking of Loan-loss provision Dr. Loan-loss provisions expense Cr. Allowance for Probable Loss 2. Booking of Write Off Reversal of the original entry: a) Dr. Allowance for Probable Loss Cr. Loan-loss provisions expense Then: b) Dr. Bad Debts Expense Cr. MF loans

20. Loan Write-Offs - - - Disadvantages.. The bank experiences a temporary reduction in portfolio and outreach However – -- removing hardcore delinquent loans from the portfolios of account officers and transferring them to a specialized unit for recover enables account officers to focus on monitoring exiting accounts and generating new productive accounts.

21. Loan Write-Offs Regulatory Policies – BSP Cir. No. 409 (2003). Provides basic guidelines in loan/loss provisioning for microfinance BSP Cir. No. 463 (2004). Implementing guidelines on write-offs issued in 2004 BSP Cir. No. 501 (2005). Amends and supercedes guidelines of Cir. 463. Banks need only notify the BSP, within 30 days after a write off (together with the basic requirements)

22. Loan Write-Offs Regulatory Policies – BSP Cir. No. 745 (2012). Reporting Requirement on Write- off of Loans, Other Credit Accommodations, Advances and Other Assets. - Notice of write off to be submitted in prescribed form to SES concerned within thirty (30) days after every write off with 1) sworn statement signed by the President or officer of equivalent rank that the write off did not include transaction with DOSRI and 2) a copy of the Board Resolution approving the write off.

23. Loan Write-Offs Account Officer Prepares Aging Report (Tool: MIS Delinquency Report) Identify PAR accounts over 90 days Prioritize accounts for write off such as: Accounts over 90 days Clients cannot be located Deceased No Source of Income

24. Loan Write-Offs MF Supervisor Ensure that all remedies and collection efforts were exerted  Sent reminders and demand letters  Collect from co-makers or co-borrowers  Applied savings balances that guarantee the loan  Gone after the serialized assets  Filed legal or collection case (Small Claim Court)

25. Loan Write-Offs MF Supervisor Validate accounts Recommend accounts for write off for BOD approval Product Manager Prepare consolidated list for write off Submit the list of validated accounts to the President or GM for endorsement to BOD approval For Multi-branches

26. Loan Write-Off The Process... President/GM submit listBOD ApprovalWrite off accounts Submit supporting documents to BSP within 30 days Transfer loan folders of written off accounts to Remedial Management Unit

27. Loan Write-Offs Documentary requirements o Notice of write off to be signed by the GM or President; o Duly accomplished list of accounts for write off (RB-COB Form 23); o Sworn Statement signed by the president or officer of equivalent rank, that the same write off do not include DOSRI accounts; o Board Resolution approving the write off.

28. Loan Write-Offs In Sum Loan write-offs prevent the build up of worthless accounts in the bank’s portfolio – writing off cleanses and improves the portfolio Adequate loan provisioning must be provided for delinquent accounts Collection efforts do not end after writing off the loan. There are diverse recovery strategies.