1. PSY 369: Psycholinguistics Language Comprehension: Methods for sentence comprehension

2. Other Relevant Findings? Bias towards “well-formed” stimuli Misidentify words with uncommon spelling patterns BOUT as BOAT misidentify nonwords (e.g., SALID) as words that are like it (SALAD). Difficulty identifying nonwords with irregular spelling patterns (e.g., ITPR) more than those with regular spelling patterns (e.g., PIRT).

3. Sublexical units bigger than phonemes and graphemes? onsets and rimes onset: initial consonant or consonant cluster in a word or syllable rime: following vowel and consonants if words broken at onset-rime boundary, resulting letter clusters more easily recognized as belonging together than if broken at other points example: FL OST ANK TR vs. FLA ST NK TRO Sublexical units

4. Adding a bigram level By adding a frequency-sensitive bigram level, we can account for the findings of well-formedness along with the others.

5. Summing up Word recognition is based on a feature-detector system Biased to perceive common or recently occurring features

6. Studying Word Identification Generally people ask: what makes word identification easy or difficult? The assumption: Time spent identifying a word can be a measure of difficulty Measures of identification time are usually indirect

7. Some Identification Time Measures Measure how long people take to say a string of letters is (or is not) a word (lexical decision) Measure how long people take to categorise a word (“apple” is a fruit) Measure how long people take to start saying a word (naming or pronunciation time) Measure how long people actually spend looking at a word when READING Line by line reading Word by word reading using eye movement monitoring techniques

8. Line-by-line A banker is a fellow

9. Line-by-line who lends you his umbrella

10. Line-by-line when the sun is shining

11. Line-by-line but wants it back

12. Line-by-line the minute it begins to rain.

13. Line-by-line Problem: Overall reading time for entire sentence or phrase need for more “on-line” measurements Timing on a smaller scope See effects at level of word

14. Word-by-word RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation)

15. Word-by-word A

16. lie

17. Word-by-word can

18. Word-by-word travel

19. Word-by-word halfway

20. Word-by-word around

21. Word-by-word the

22. Word-by-word world

23. Word-by-word while

24. Word-by-word the

25. Word-by-word truth

26. Word-by-word is

27. Word-by-word putting

28. Word-by-word on

29. Word-by-word its

30. Word-by-word shoes.

31. Word-by-word Moving window

32. Word-by-word I xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

33. Word-by-word x have xxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

34. Word-by-word x xxxx never xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

35. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx let xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

36. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx my xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

37. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx schooling xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

38. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx interfere xxxx xx xxxxxxxxx.

39. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx with xx xxxxxxxxx.

40. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx my xxxxxxxxx.

41. Word-by-word x xxxx xxxxx xxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx education.

42. Word-by-word A couple of methods RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) Moving window Better, more “on-line” But, these measures are also a little bit unnatural (especially RSVP) e.g., Don’t allow regressions (looking back)

43. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

44. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

45. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

46. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

47. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

48. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

49. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

50. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

51. Eye-movements Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

52. Eye Movements Limitations of the visual field 130 degrees vertically 180 degrees horizontally Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.

53. Retinal Sampling

55. Eye Movements Within the visual field, eye movements serve two major functions Fixation – Position target objects of interest on the fovea Tracking – Keep fixated objects on the fovea despite movements of the object or head

56. Eye movements Fixations Movements Saccades Smooth Pursuit

57. Fixations The eye is (almost) still – perceptions are gathered during fixations The most important of eye “movements” 90% of the time the eye is fixated duration: 150ms - 600ms Consists of a series of small eye movements (tremor, drift, microsaccades)

58. Saccades Saccades are used to move the fovea to the next object/region of interest. Connect fixations Duration 10ms - 120ms Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) No visual perception during saccades Vision is suppressed

59. Saccades

63. Saccades are used to move the fovea to the next object/region of interest. Connect fixations Duration 10ms - 120ms Very fast (up to 700 degrees/second) No visual perception during saccades Vision is suppressed Ballistic movements (pre-programmed) About 150,000 saccades per day

64. Smooth Pursuit Smooth movement of the eyes for visually tracking a moving object Cannot be performed in static scenes (fixation/saccade behavior instead)

65. Smooth Pursuit versus Saccades Saccades Jerky No correction Up to 900 degrees/sec Background is not blurred (saccadic suppression) Smooth pursuit Smooth and continuous Constantly corrected by visual feedback Up to 100 degrees/sec Background is blurred

66. Purkinje Eye Tracker Laser is aimed at the eye. Laser light is reflected by cornea and lens Pattern of reflected light is received by an array of light- sensitive elements. Very precise Also measures pupil accomodation No head movements Measuring Eye Movements

67. Video-Based Systems Infrared camera directed at eye Image processing hardware determines pupil position and size (and possibly corneal reflection) Good spatial precision (0.5 degrees) for head-mounted systems Good temporal resolution (up to 500 Hz) possible