1. Trauma Theory Information on slides 2-13 taken from a review by Dr. Toni McNaron

2. Trauma Psychological trauma, an emotional or psychological injuryPsychological trauma Usually resulting from an extremely stressful or life-threatening situation

3. Trauma: Natural Disasters Easy to identify with victims Hurricanes Floods Tornadoes

4. Trauma: Human Design Witness is caught between victim and perpetrator Easier to side with perpetrator because all asked is to do nothing

5. Trauma: Human Design Perpetrator relies on silence and secrecy If that does not work, the credibility of the victim is attacked Example: the Chris Brown/Rihanna situation

6. Trauma: Human Design People who try to help victim- professionals- come under same suspicion Society can’t decide whether patients of psychological trauma deserve care or contempt

7. Examples: Soldiers called exaggerators Women and children said to be fabricating abuse

8. War Trauma Taken seriously only if a movement exists that opposes sacrifice of the young to war

9. Sexual/Domestic Trauma Taken seriously only if a context challenges subordination of women

10. Child Abuse Taken seriously only if society truly values children

11. Effects on Victim No sense of safety Sense of autonomy violated Sense of invasion and loss of control Total humiliation Doubt of self and others Sense of community and faith damaged

12. Trauma is Worst When: Person is active participant in violent death War atrocities for soldiers Abuse happens even once

13. Paradox of Trauma People withdraw AND seek close relationships at the same time Isolation OR clinging to others Intense, yet unstable relationships with partners

14. Trauma “The Army’s first study of the mental health of troops who fought in Iraq found that about one in eight reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.” (Associated Press, June 2004)

15. The Vietnam War 1965-1975 “The longest and most unpopular war in which Americans ever fought.” (From VietnamWar.Com)

16. The Vietnam War More than 58,000 Americans died 304,000 Americans were wounded Approx. 3 to 4 million Vietnamese from both sides were killed in the conflict Cost over 150 billion dollars (From VietnamWar.Com)

17. Returning from Vietnam Many soldiers arrived home and were said to act strangely (always on their guard) and have bad dreams (From WikiAnswers.Com)

18. Returning from Vietnam The government did not help (as promised) with the mental/physical help of these soldiers. Many soldiers came back hooked on drugs and didn't get the psychological care they needed. (From WikiAnswers.Com)

19. Returning from Vietnam Vietnam vets suffered nightmares Saw a great deal of violent death Often refused to discuss the war (From WikiAnswers.Com)

20. Images from the Vietnam War Mary Vecchio kneels over the bleeding body of Jeffrey Miller, one of four students killed by Army National Guradsmen at an anti-war protest that day. May 4, 1970, Kent State University, Ohio Photo by John Filo John Filo

21. Images from the Vietnam War Filo who was a student at Kent State when the photographs was taken won the 1971 Pulitzer for this image. Pulitzer May 4, 1970, Kent State University, Ohio Photo by John Filo John Filo

22. Images from the Vietnam War Kim Phuc, center left in the photo, was running away from a Napalm attack by a South Vietnamese pilot who mistook the a group of civilians and South Vietnamese soldiers as a threat.

23. Images from the Vietnam War The photo was taken by Nick Ut who was covering the war for Associated Press. Nick Ut promptly took Kim Phuc and others to a hospital right after taking the photo.

24. Images from the Vietnam War It was feared that the burns on her body were too severe and her hopes of survival were slim. Fortunately, after 14 months in a hospital and 17 surgeries, she returned home.

25. Images from the Vietnam War February 1, 1968, Saigon, Vietnam Photo by Eddie Adams, AP Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan executing a Viet Cong prisoner in Saigon during the Tet offensive. The prisoner had reportedly just murdered eight South Vietnamese people.Nguyen Ngoc Loan

26. Images from the Vietnam War February 1, 1968, Saigon, Vietnam Photo by Eddie Adams, AP In 1969 Eddie Adams won the Pulitzer for spot news photography. In 1975, the year the communists overran the country, Ngoc Loan fled South Vietnam, and moved to Virginia, where he opened a restaurant. He died in 1998.Pulitzer

27. To Consider: How can you apply Trauma Theory to The Sorrow of War? Find examples in the text that relate to your notes on this theory. For your Reader’s Notebook entries, one entry should evaluate The Sorrow of War using Trauma Theory.