1. Property 5: Refraction experiment ? particle (photon)? wave (E&M) ?

2. Property 5: Refraction experiment: objects in water seem closer than they really are when viewed from air air water real object apparent location eye

3. Property 5: Refraction particle (photon) ? water air surface incident ray refracted ray

4. Property 5: Refraction particle (photon) ? water air surface incident ray refracted ray vx air vy air vx water vy water vx air = vx water vy air < vy water therefore vi < vr

5. Property 5: Refraction wave (E&M) ? surface air water incident wave refracted wave normal line surfac e

6. Property 5: Refraction wave (E&M) ? surface air water incident wave refracted wave crest of wave crest of preceding wave x air water normal line crest of following wave air

7. Property 5: Refraction particle (photon) theory: v water > v air wave (E&M) theory: v water < v air experiment ?

8. Property 5: Refraction particle (photon) theory: v water > v air wave (E&M) theory: v water < v air experiment: v water < v air wave theory works! particle theory fails!

9. Properties 1, 2 & 5 Speed, Color and Refraction Speed of light changes in different materials Speed is related to frequency and wavelength: v = f If speed changes, does wavelength change, frequency change, or BOTH?

10. Properties 1, 2 & 5 Speed, Color and Refraction Speed of light changes in different materials Speed is related to frequency and wavelength: v = f What changes with speed? –Frequency remains constant regardless of speed –Wavelength changes with speed

11. Refraction and Thin Lenses Can use refraction to try to control rays of light to go where we want them to go. Let’s see if we can FOCUS light.

12. Refraction and Thin Lenses What kind of shape do we need to focus light from a point source to a point? lens with some shape for front & back screen point source of light s = object distance s’ = image distance

13. Refraction and Thin Lenses Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL. Play with the lens that is handed out Does it act like a magnifying glass?

14. Refraction and Thin Lenses Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL. Play with the lens that is handed out Does it act like a magnifying glass? Does it focus light from the night light?

15. Refraction and Thin Lenses Let’s try a simple (easy to make) shape: SPHERICAL Play with the lens that is handed out Does it act like a magnifying glass? Does it focus light from the night light? Does the image distance depend on the shape of the lens? (trade with your neighbor to get a different shaped lens)

16. Refraction and Thin Lenses Spherical shape is specified by a radius. The smaller the sphere (smaller the radius), the more curved is the surface! R R R1R1 R2R2

17. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ s > 0 AND s > f s’ > 0 AND s’ > f f > 0 Example: f = 10 cm; s = 20 cm; s’ = 20 cm: 1/20 + 1/20 = 1/10

18. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ as s gets bigger, s’ gets smaller Example: f = 10 cm; s = 40 cm; s’ = 13.3 cm: 1/40 + 1/13.3 = 1/10

19. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ as s approaches infinity s’ approaches f Example: f = 10 cm; s = 100 cm; s’ = 11.1 cm: 1/100 + 1/11.1 = 1/10

20. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ s > 0 AND s > f s’ > 0 AND s’ > f f > 0 Example: f = 10 cm; s = 20 cm; s’ = 20 cm: 1/20 + 1/20 = 1/10

21. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ as s gets smaller, s’ gets larger Example: f = 10 cm; s = 13.3 cm; s’ = 40 cm: 1/13.3 + 1/40 = 1/10

22. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f s s’ as s approaches f, s’ approaches infinity Example: f = 10 cm; s = 11.1 cm; s’ = 100 cm: 1/11.1 + 1/100 = 1/10

23. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. Before we see what happens when s gets smaller than f, let’s use what we already know to see how the lens will work.

24. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f –Any ray that goes through the focal point on its way to the lens, will come out parallel to the optical axis. (ray 1) ray 1

25. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f –Any ray that goes through the focal point on its way from the lens, must go into the lens parallel to the optical axis. (ray 2) ray 1 ray 2

26. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f –Any ray that goes through the center of the lens must go essentially undeflected. (ray 3) ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 object image

27. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f –Note that a real image is formed. –Note that the image is up-side-down. ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 object image

28. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f –By looking at ray 3 alone, we can see by similar triangles that M = h’/h = -s’/s. ray 3 object image s h s’s’ h’<0 note h’ is up-side-down and so is <0 Example: f = 10 cm; s = 40 cm; s’ = 13.3 cm: M = -13.3/40 = -0.33 X

29. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f This is the situation when the lens is used in a camera or a projector. Image is REAL. ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 object image

30. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f What happens when the object distance, s, changes? ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 object image

31. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Notice that as s gets bigger, s’ gets closer to f and |h’| gets smaller. ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 object image Example: f = 10 cm; s = 100 cm; s’ = 11.1 cm: M = -11.1/100 = -0.11 X

32. Focusing To focus a camera, we need to change s’ as s changes. To focus a projector, we need to change s as s’ changes. We do this by screwing the lens closer or further from the film or slide. But what about the eye? How do we focus on objects that are close and then further away with our eyes? Do we screw our eyes in and out like the lens on a camera or projector?

33. Focusing But what about the eye? How do we focus on objects that are close and then further away with our eyes? Do we screw our eyes in and out like the lens on a camera or projector? - NO, instead our eyes CHANGE SHAPE and hence change f as s changes, keeping s’ the same!

34. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Let’s now look at the situation where s < f (but s is still positive): s

35. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f We can still use our three rays. Ray one goes through the focal point on the left side. s ray 1

36. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Ray two goes through the focal point on the right side (and parallel to the axis on the left). s ray 1 ray 2

37. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Ray three goes through the center of the lens essentially undeflected. s ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 s’ h’

38. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Notice that: s’ is on the “wrong” side, which means that s’ |s| so f > 0. s ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 s’ h’ Example: f = 10 cm; s = 7.14 cm; s’ = -25 cm: 1/7.14 + 1/(-25) = 1/10

39. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f Notice that: h’ right-side-up and so h’ > 0., M = h’/h = -s’/s. M > 0 (s’ 0). s ray 3 s’ h’ Example: f = 10 cm; s = 7.14 cm; s’ = -25 cm: M = - (-25)/ 7.14 = 3.5 X

40. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. f f This is the situation when the lens is used as a magnifying glass! Image is VIRTUAL. s ray 1 ray 2 ray 3 s’ h’

41. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. The same lens can be used as: a camera lens: s >> f, s > s’, M < 0, |M| < 1 a projector lens: s > f, s’ > s, M 1 a magnifying glass: s < f, s’ < 0, M > 0, M > 1

42. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. Notes on using a lens as a magnifying glass: hold lens very near your eye want IMAGE at best viewing distance which has the nominal value of 25 cm so that s’ = -25 cm.

43. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. Are there any limits to the magnifying power we can get from a magnifying glass?

44. Refraction and the Lens-users Eq. Magnifying glass has limits due to size As we will see in a little bit, magnifying glass has limits due to resolving ability NEED MICROSCOPE (two lens system) for near and small things; need TELESCOPE (two lens system) for far away things.

45. Telescope Basics Light from far away is almost parallel. objective lens eyepiece fofo fefe

46. Telescope Basics: Get More Light The telescope collects and concentrates light. objective lens eyepiece fofo fefe

47. Telescope Basics Light coming in at an angle,  in is magnified to  out. objective lens eyepiece fofo fefe x

48. Magnification  in = x/f o,  out = x/f e ; M =  out /  in = f o /f e objective lens eyepiece fofo fefe x

49. Limits on Resolution telescopes –magnification: M =  out /  in = f o /f e –light gathering: Amt  D 2 –resolution: 1.22 = D sin(  limit ) so  in =  limit and  out = 5 arc minutes  so  limit  1/D implies M useful = 60/in * D where D is in inches –surface must be smooth on order of

50. Limits on Resolution: calculation M max useful =  out /  in =  eye /  limit = 5 arc min / (1.22 * / D) radians = (5/60)*(  /180) / (1.22 * 5.5 x 10 -7 m / D) = (2167 / m) * D * (1 m / 100 cm) * (2.54 cm / 1 in) = (55 / in) * D

51. Example What diameter telescope would you need to read letters the size of license plate numbers from a spy satellite?

52. Example need to resolve an “x” size of about 1 cm “s” is on order of 100 miles or 150 km  limit then must be (in radians) = 1 cm / 150 km = 7 x 10 -8  limit = 1.22 x 5.5 x 10 -7 m / D = 7 x 10 -8 so D = 10 m (Hubble has a 2.4 m diameter)

53. Limits on Resolution: further examples other types of light –x-ray diffraction (use atoms as slits) –IR –radio & microwave surface must be smooth on order of

54. Review of Telescope Properties 1.Magnification: M = f o /f e depends on the focal lengths of the two lenses. 2.Light gathering ability: depends on area of objective lens, so depends on diameter of objective lens squared (D 2 ). 3.Resolution ability: depends on diameter of objective lens: Max magnification = 60 power/in * D.

55. Types of Telescopes The type of telescope we have looked at so far, and the type we have or will have made in the lab is called a refracting telescope, since it uses the refraction of light going from air to glass and back to air. This is the type used by Galileo. There is a second type of telescope invented by Newton. It is called the reflecting telescope since it uses a curved mirror instead of a curved lens for the objective. There are three main sub-types of reflectors that we’ll consider: Prime focus, Newtonian, and Cassegranian.

56. Refracting Telescope Two lenses (as we had in the lab) objective lens eyepiece fofo fefe

57. Reflecting Telescope Light from far away mirror focuses light problem: how do we get to focused light without blocking incoming light?

58. Reflecting Telescope Prime Focus Light from far away mirror focues light Solution #1: If mirror is big enough (say 100 to 200 inches in diameter), we can sit right in the middle and we won’t block much light - this is called the prime focus. eyepiece

59. Reflecting Telescope Newtonian Focus Light from far away primary mirror focuses light Solution #2: Use secondary mirror to reflect light out the side of the telescope- this is called the Newtonian focus. mirror eyepiece

60. Reflecting Telescope Cassegranian Focus Light from far away primary mirror focuses light eyepiece Solution #3: Use secondary mirror to reflect light out the back of the telescope- this is called the Cassegranian focus. mirror