1. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals FM Signal Generation They are two basic methods of generating frequency-Modulated signals 1.Direct FM In a direct FM system the instantaneous frequency is directly varied with the information signal. To vary the frequency of the carrier is to use an Oscillator whose resonant frequency is determined by components that can be varied. The oscillator frequency is thus changed by the modulating signal amplitude. For example, an electronic Oscillator has an output frequency that depends on energy-storage devices. There are a wide variety of oscillators whose frequencies depend on a particular capacitor value. By varying the capacitor value, the frequency of oscillation varies. If the capacitor variations are controlled by m(t), the result is an FM waveform

2. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Figure 6-23, page 262. Crosby Direct FM modulator

3. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Given: K f = frequency deviation sensitivity = 450Hz/V, A m = message signal amplitude = 3 V f m = message signal frequency = 5000 Hz 1.Peak Frequency Deviation at the VCO output = ∆f VCO = A m K f = 3  450 =1350 Hz Peak Frequency Deviation at the Amplifier Output = ∆f OUT = N 1 N 2 N 3 A m K f = 3  2  3  3  450 Hz = 24300 Hz 2.Modulation index at the VCO output = β VCO = ∆f VCO /f m = 1350/5000 = 0.27 Modulation index at the Amplifier output = β OUT = ∆f OUT /f m = 24300 /5000 = 4.86 3.Bandwidth using Carson’s Rule = BW = 2  ∆f OUT + 2  f m = 2  23.6 +10 kHz = 58.6 kHz Bandwidth using Bessel functions = BW = 2  n  f m For β OUT = 4.86, we can round β OUT to 5. From the Bessel Table, there are 7 significant terms past the carrier for β OUT = 5. So n = 7. Bandwidth using Bessel functions = BW = 2  n  f m = 2  7  5 kHz = 70 kHz. Example: Problem 6-16. Crosby Direct FM modulator

4. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals MATLAB Code to generate Bessel Functions: n = 0:0.01:9; plot(n, bessel(n, 4.86)); grid; xlabel('n'); ylabel('J_n(\beta)') title('Bessel Function J_n(\beta) vs. n for \beta = 4.86') Example: Problem 6-16. Crosby Direct FM modulator

5. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Notice that the Bessel function falls below 0.02 for n > = 8. So we say that n = 7 = # of significant terms of the Bessel functions past the carrier. Bandwidth using Bessel functions = 2  n  fm = 2  7  5 kHz = 70 kHz. Example: Problem 6-16. Crosby Direct FM modulator Zoomed-In Plot

6. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Figure 6-27. Armstrong indirect FM modulator

7. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Given Information: crystal carrier oscillator = 210 kHz crystal reference oscillator = 10.2 MHz V m = sideband voltage = 0.018 volts Carrier input voltage, V c = 5 volts First multiplier = 40 Second multiplier = 50 Modulating signal frequency, f m = 2 kHz a) β = modulation index at the output of the combining network = arctan(V m /V c ) = arctan(0.018/5) = 0.0036 radians After two multipliers: m = 0.0036*40*50 = 7.2 radians 2. Df = m*f m = 0.0036*2000 = 7.2 Hz At antenna, df = Df*40*50 = 7.2*2000 = 14.4 kHz 3. f 2 = |210kHz*40 – 10.2MHz| = |8.4 – 10.2| = 1.8MHz f t = 1.8*50 = 90 MHz Problem 6-27. Armstrong indirect FM modulator

8. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals Indirect FM x(t ) = A c cos [2  f c t +  (t) ] 1.Angle modulation includes frequency modulation FM and phase modulation PM. FM and PM are interrelated; one cannot change without the other changing. 2.The information signal frequency also deviates the carrier frequency in PM. 3.Phase modulation produces frequency modulation. Since the amount of phase shift is varying, the effect is as if the frequency is changed. 4. Since FM is produced by PM, the later is referred to as indirect FM. 5. The information signal is first integrated and then used to phase modulate a crystal-controlled oscillator, which provides frequency stability. 6. In order to minimize the distortion in the phase modulator, the modulation index is kept small, thereby is resulting in a narrow-band FM-signal 7. The narrow-band FM signal is multiplied in frequency by means of frequency multiplier so as to produce the desired wide-band FM signal. 8. The frequency multiplier is used to perform narrow band to wideband conversion. 9. The frequency deviation of this new waveform is “M” times that of the old, while the rate at which the instantaneous frequency varies has not changed

9. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals For high enough values of m, frequency multiplication changes narrowband FM into wideband FM. It also moves the carrier frequency, but the carrier has no effect on whether an FM wave is narrowband or wideband

10. TEL312 Electronic Communications Fundamentals – Spring 2004 Modulator for narrowband FM Narrowband FM :