1. LING 388: Language and Computers Sandiway Fong Lecture 26 11/22

2. Administrivia Homework 7 out today – a simple exercise, due next Monday No class this Wednesday – day before Thanksgiving

3. Last Time Modified g23.pl to produce predicate-argument structure output

4. English Grammar g25.pl Declarative sentence (transitive) – John bought a book – Johnbuy-eda book – Y=SubjectNPZ=[ VP P-VFormObjectNP ] – TNS(P(S,O))

5. English Grammar g25.pl Passive sentence – a book was bought – a bookbe-ed bought NP-trace – Y=SubjectNPZ=[ VP [ Aux _-VForm] [ VP P-_ [ NP trace]]] – TNS(P(_,O))

6. English Grammar g25.pl Reminder: headof/2 for VP drills down (past the auxiliary verb) to the main verb to pick out the predicate P

7. English Grammar g25.pl Passive sentence with subject in by-phrase – a book was bought by John – a book be-ed bought NP-trace by John – Y=SubjectNPZ=[ VP [ VP [ Aux _-VForm] [ VP P-_ [ NP trace]]] [ PP [ P ] ObliqueNP ]]] – TNS(P(S,O))

8. English Grammar g25.pl Subject wh-questions – Who bought a book? Whowh-tracebuy-eda book NP_ [ VP P-VFormObjectNP] TNS(P(S,O)) same predarg/3 as before same predarg/3 as before

9. English Grammar g25.pl Object wh-questions – What did John buy? What do-ed John buy-root wh-trace NPaux(_-VForm)SubjectNP [ VP P-_] TNS(P(S,O))

10. English Grammar g25.pl Some limitations remain, g25.pl cannot handle: – By whom was a book bought? – (*)Whom was a book bought by? – … would involve writing rules for PP-Wh-phrase fronting and verb movement (aux)

11. Grammar j24.pl Already outputs predicate-argument structure but needs to be modified to output tense From g25.pl

12. Grammar j24.pl Also, predarg/3 and headof/2 clash with the English equivalents English word order assumed English word order assumed

13. Translator Need to change maptree/2 into mapPA/2 (PA = predicate-argument)

14. Homework 7 [Courtesy of Rosse Ann Gonzales] Japanese passives – kau (buy) --> kawareru (passive form of kau, present tense) – katta (kau-ed) – kawareta (passive form of kau-ed) Modify j24.pl (j26.pl) to handle the Japanese equivalents of – The book was bought – Input: hon-ga kawareta – Output: past(kau(_,hon)) – The book was bought by John – Input: hon-ga taroo-ni kawareta – Output: past(kau(taroo,hon)) Submit your modified grammar and runs. [It is first conjugated to the negative form stem, "kawa" (otherwise the negative present form is "kawanai"), then "reru" is added. However, this is an u-verb, so only u-verbs get conjugated this way. The other verbs which are ru-verbs, would be conjugated differently.] [Also, if you wanted to say "the book was bought by john," the preposition phrase would be marked by the particle "ni.”]