2. Musical Investigation Due Next Week

4. Romantic Era

5. Classical (1750-1825)Romantic (1820-1900) ComposersHaydn, Mozart, Beethoven, SchubertBeethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, Wagner MelodySymmetrical melody in balanced phrases and cadences Diatonic Narrow leaps Expansive, singing melodies; wide ranging; more varied, with chromatic inflections RhythmClear rhythmically, with regularly recurring accents Dance rhythms favored Rhythmic diversity and elasticity Rubato HarmonyDiatonic harmony Tonic-dominant relationships Increasing chromaticism Expanded concepts of tonality TextureHomophonic texturesHomophony, turning to increased polyphony in later years of era Instrumental GenresSymphony, solo concerto, solo sonata, string quartet Same Adding one-movement symphonic poem, solo piano works Vocal GenresOpera, Mass, solo songSame Adding works for solo voice and piano/orchestra FormTernary form predominant Sonata-allegro form Absolute forms preferred Expansion of forms Continuous forms Programmatic forms AudienceSecular music predominant Aristocratic audience Secular music predominant Middle-class audience DynamicsContinuously changing dynamics Crescendo and decrescendo Widely ranging dynamics TimbreChanging tone colors between sections of works Continual change and blend of tone colors Experiments with new instruments and unusual ranges Performing ForcesString orchestra with woodwinds and brass 30-40 member orchestra Rise of piano to prominence Introductions of new instruments (tuba, valved brass, harp, piccolo) Much larger orchestras Piano predominant as solo instrument VirtuosityImprovisation largely limited to cadenzas in concertos Increased virtuosity Composers specified more in scores ExpressionEmotional restraint and balanceEmotions, mood emphasized Interest in the bizarre and macabre A Comparison of Classical and Romantic Styles

6. The Art Song The Lied (Lieder = plural) is a German-texted solo vocal song with piano accompaniment. Influenced by Romantic lyric poetry Song Cycle Groups of Lieder that were unified by a narrative thread or theme.

7. Strophic form The same melody is repeated with every stanza Through-composed form Proceeds from beginning to end without repetitions of whole sections – the music follows the story line. Modified strophic form The same melody may be repeated for two or three stanzas, with new material introduce when the poem requires it

8. Schubert’s The Trout Lied Fisherman tries to catch a trout from a stream

9. Me Me Ha Me Fo Sty Co Schubert’s Trout Quintet 4 th Movement

10. Franz Schubert Erlking: Through-composed Lied Robert Schumann “In the lovely month of May” from A Poet’s Love (Dichterliebe), No. 1: a Lied from a song cycle

11. The Piano – and the modern piano style Frederic Chopin His entire creative life revolved around the piano. His style was his own Tempo rubato – borrowed time Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 (Military) Prelude in E minor, Op. 28, No. 4

12. Franz Liszt Symphonic poem – a one movement orchestral work with a literary or pictorial program. Thematic transformation - Based his music on the technique of thematic transformation by varying the melodic outline, harmony or rhythm of a theme. The Little Bell (La campanella)

13. Clara Wieck Schumann a German musician, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era, as well as a composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. Nocturne, from Music for an Evening Entertainment (Soirees musicales), Op. 6

14. Romantic Program Music Program Music – instrumental music with a literary or pictorial association supplied by the composer 4 Types concert overture incidental music (to a play) program symphony (a multi-movement work) symphonic poem/tone poem (a one-movement work) Absolute Music – musical patterns that have no literary or pictorial meanings

15. Berlioz and the Program Symphony Symphonie fantastique Program symphony – 5 movements A lovesick musician in an opium trance is haunted by a vision of his beloved, which becomes an idée fixe. The symphony’s recurrent theme, called an idée fixe (fixed idea), symbolizes the beloved.

16. Symphonie fantastique I.Reveries, Passions – The musician remembers the yearning he knew before meeting his beloved. Then the volcanic love with which she inspired him. II.A Ball – At a ball he glimpses the loved one again. III.Scene in the Fields – In the country he hears two shepherds piping. She appears again. IV.March to the Scaffold – He dreams he has killed his beloved, that he has been condemned to die and is being led to the scaffold V.Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath – He is surrounded by spirits who have gathered for his funeral. She comes to the funeral.

17. Symphonie fantastique 4 th movement – March to the Scaffold Allegretto Duple meter Minor Two themes 0:00 – opening motive (rhythm of theme B) 0:24 – theme A, downward minor scale 1:31 – theme B – march tune 1:56 – development theme B in brass theme A soft with pizz strings theme B brass theme A pizz strings, then brass 3:02 – Theme A full orch, then inverted 4:05 – Idée fixe in clarinet (a last thought of love) followed by a loud chord (the fall of the blade)

18. Symphonie fantastique 5 th movement – Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath 0:00 – Larghetto, chromatic scales in strings 1:27 – Allegro, fixed idea in clarinet w/ trills and grace notes 1:35 – Orchestra fortissimo = howls of joy at beloved’s arrival 1:46 – fixed idea continues in woodwinds 2:53 – Bells toll for the dead 3:19 – Chant tune Dies irae in bassoons and tubas, then twice as fast in brass 3:49 – Altered Dies irae in strings 5:08 – “Dance of the Witches” (Rounde du Sabbat”) beings in low strings, fugal setting 7:56 – “The dance and the Dies irae combined”

19. Musical Nationalism Political conditions encouraged nationalism  The pride of the conquering nations  The struggle of the conquered nations. In music, nationalism took many forms:  Use of folklore  Works written to celebrate heroes  Works written to celebrate events  Works written about places

20. A Czech Nationalist: Bedrich Smetana (Czech Republic was called Bohemia) The Moldau Symphonic poem, from cycle My Country Allegro Program: Scenes along the river Moldau in Bohemia

21. Other Nationalists Czech – Dvorak, Smetana England – Elgar, Ralph Vaughan Williams Scandinavia – Grieg, Sibelius Russia – Borodin, Musorgsky, Korsakov, Tchaikovsky Spain – Albeniz, de Falla