1. 1 Basics of GIS: Outline What’s a GIS Teaching GIS Applications Myths Some interesting problems

2. 2 Simple Definition GIS = Maps in Computers

3. 3 Smart Maps Site Number Bacteria 104 50

4. 4 What Is GIS - a Brief Introduction Different mapping systems: Electronic atlases Thematic mapping systems Street-based mapping systems GIS: all these things + much more analysis, import/export, combination of different data, dynamic map update, etc “a system of hardware, software, data, people, organizations and institutional arrangements for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating information about areas of the earth (Dueker and Kjerne, 1989) Use of geography to integrate information from different sources

5. 5 How GIS Works Link map features to tables of attributes Access the attributes for any map feature Locate any feature from its attributes Manage sets of features & attributes as themes or objects Integrate sources: - Primary sources - Secondary sources

6. 6 Integrate Sources

7. 7 Aerial Imagery Elevation Geodetic Control Boundaries Surface Waters Transportation Land Ownership Thematic Data Framework Data Soils Sewer Lines Water Lines Landcover Wetlands Flood Zones Geographic Database

8. Exploring Relationships Based on geographic location and proximity, GIS makes connections between activities Looking at data geographically can often suggest new insights, explanations These connections are often unrecognized without GIS, but can be vital to understanding and managing activities and resources E.g., we can link pollution sources with disease patterns

9. Pollution SourcesLeukemia Cases Combining data sets

10. Information about “where” allows us to combine heterogeneous data sets

11. Overlaying images and vector markup from different sources (UCLA LONI, Paxinos Atlas) SMART Atlas

12. Use of Ontologies to Link Features Structures on slices color coded by relationships contained in the UMLS S.M.A.R.T. Atlas uses Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) to query across multiple data sources and explore spatial relationships across brain slices in different coordinate systems (eg, across species)

13. + + + + + Settlements Admin. Units Reference Grid Rivers Longitude Latitude Space as an indexing system

14. 14 Projections Example: The Mercator projection has straight meridians & parallels that intersect at right angles, as opposed to the Robinson projection. Mercator preserves area only at the equator and at two standard parallels equidistant from the equator. The Mercator projection is often used for marine navigation as all straight lines on the map are lines of constant azimuth. Any one projection cannot simultaneously preserve all these qualities of the world: shape, area, direction, and distance.

15. 15 This is what happens when projections mix! Notice the boundary lines do not line up Points that are placed on the wrong projection will be misaligned as well

16. 16 Components and Contexts of GIS social and cultural context institutional context transformations operations representation measurement another approach: acquisition-input- storage-retrieval-analysis- output-presentation-use

17. 17 GIS in Higher Education ESRI list of GIS programs: http://gis.esri.com/university/onlinedb.cfm GIS Programs in Higher Education: http://www.directionsmag.com/education/ Geography departments worldwide: http://geowww.uibk.ac.at/geolinks/ Directory of graduate schools, GIS programs: http://www.gradschools.com/listings/menus/geoinfosys_men u.html

18. 18 GIS Curriculum - 1 UCSB (http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/programs/ugrad_courses.htm )http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/programs/ugrad_courses.htm Geog 12 - Maps and Charts, 4.0, Clarke Geog 13 - Introduction to Computing in Geography, 2.0, Staff Geog 115A - Geographic Photo Interpretation, (T), 4.0, Estes Geog 115AL - Laboratory in Geographic Photo Interpretation, (T), 1.0, Estes Geog 115B - Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 4.0, Mertes Geog 115BL - Lab in Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 1.0, Mertes Geog 115C - Intermediate Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 4.0, Mertes Geog 115CL - Laboratory in Intermediate Geographic Remote Sensing Techniques, (T), 1.0, Mertes Geog 118 - Production Cartography, (T), 4.0, Clarke Geog 128 - Analytical and Computer Cartography, (T), 4.0, Staff Geog 136 - Remote Sensing of the Oceans, (G=T, U=T), 4.0, Washburn Geog 138 - Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere: An Introduction, (T), 4.0, Gautier Geog 151 - Computational Methods for Watershed Analysis, (T), 5.0, Mertes Geog 172 - Introduction to Geographical Data Analysis, (T), 3.0, Montello Geog 172L - Laboratory in Introductory Geographical Data Analysis, (T), 2.0, Montello Geog 176A - Introduction to Geographic Information Systems, (T), 4.0, Goodchild, Clarke Geog 176B - Technical Issues in Geographic Information Systems, (T), 4.0, Goodchild, Clarke Geog. 176BL - Lab in Geographic Information Systems I, (T), 1.0, Goodchild, Clarke Geog 176C - Applications of GIS Technology, (T), 4.0, Goodchild, Clarke Geog 176CL - Lab in Geographic Information Systems II, (T), 1.0, Goodchild, Clarke Geog 181 - Spatial Database Modeling For Geographic Phenomena, (T), 4.0, T. Smith Geog 184A - Introduction to Cartographic Programming, (T), 4.0, Staff Geog 184B - Advanced Cartographic Programming, (T), 4.0, Staff

19. 19 GIS Curriculum - 2 SDSU: http://typhoon.sdsu.edu/ GEOG 380 Map Investigation GEOG 381 Map and Graphic Methods GEOG 385 Spatial Data Analysis GEOG 484 Geographic Information Systems GEOG 488 Remote Sensing of Environment GEOG 581 Cartographic Design GEOG 582 Automated Cartography GEOG 584 Geographic Information System Applications II GEOG 585 Quantitative Methods in Geographic Research GEOG 588 Intermediate Remote Sensing of Environment GEOG 682 Advanced Automated Cartography GEOG 683 Advanced Geographic Information Systems GEOG 685 Advanced Quantitative Methods in Geography GEOG 688 Advanced Remote Sensing GEOG 780 Seminar in Techniques of Spatial Analysis University of Washington 258: Maps and GIS 360: Principles of Cartography 458: Map Sources and Errors 460: Geographical Information System Analysis 461: Urban Geographic Information Systems 463: Geographic Information Systems Workshop 465: Analytic Cartography Western Michigan University 375: Intro to GIS 582: Remote Sensing of the Environment 566: Field Geography 567: Computerized Geodata Handling and Mapping 569: Geographic Information System The NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIScience

20. San Diego Supercomputer Center National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure Applications

21. 21 Redistricting

22. 22 Emergency services, disaster recovery

23. 23 Floodplain mapping Hurricane Floyd 100 year flood 500 year flood Flooding in Greenville

24. 24 Regulation implementation & enforcement Hog lagoons in and out of the floodplain 100 year flood Hurricane Floyd

25. 25 Smart growth

26. 26 Police and fire deployment

27. 27 Intelligent demographics

28. 28 www.realtor.com

29. BIRN uses ESRI’s ArcMAP to align and analyze biological images and vector segmentations of the brain, which can be retrieved from multiple spatial data servers (including ArcIMS servers) maintained by partner universities. High-resolution brain image generated at NCMIR, UCSD, is registered to stereotaxic coordinates and overlaid with anatomical features and markup from Paxinos and Watson mouse brain atlas Studying mouse models of human disease

30. Spatial integration of distributed multiscale data BIRN developed S.M.A.R.T. Brain Atlas using ESRI’s MapObjects-Java. It is a Web application for ontology- aware discovery and integration of distributed multiscale brain data registered to the common stereotaxic coordinate system.

31. 31 Some Myths About GIS GIS provides an “objective” approach to information Data may be different… methods may be different… Similar GIS for the same area will lead to similar conclusions and policy recommendations Attitudes may be different…Attitudes Digital geographic data are accurate Well… and there are so many ways to measure data quality Better information will make better decisions More myths!myths Technical issues are fundamental in GIS

32. San Diego Supercomputer Center National Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure Some Interesting Problems Semantic Technical Statistical

33. 33 Forest Non- Forest reality GIS representation sometimes, the distinction between discrete and continuous is not very clear

34. 34 Objects versus Fields Object view “empty space littered with objects” (points, lines or areas) Field view value is defined for every location

35. 35 C B B A C A B Points Lines Polygons Objects

36. 36 200 240 260 180 200 270 170 220 250 130 Raster gridRegular point grid Irregular pointsContour lines Fields

37. 37 AUTOCORRELATION Land Use Maps Example Categorical maps: inherently autocorrelated Degree of autocorrelation depends on resolution BB = 36 BW = 15 WW = 9 N = 6 X 6 = 36 P(BW) = 0.25 BB = 146 BW = 41 WW = 77 N = 12 X 12 = 144 P(BW)=0.15 – if areas of polygons: Area = Lim(N*S), where N - number of cells, S - size of a cell, S -->0 autocorrelation extremely positive – if counts of polygons no adjacent polygons with the same value autocorrelation extremely negative In vector database:

38. 38 MAUP - Modifiable Areal Unit Problem Group of problems: Scale (The larger the unit of aggregation, the larger, on average, is the correlation between two variables) Aggregation (Taylor and Johnston (1979) in The geography of elections obtained a +0.44 correlation between rural non-farm voting for Nixon in 1960 using Census nine- region division and a -0.22 correlation using the four-region division) Openshaw, Taylor 1979: A million or so correlation coefficients: three experiments with the modifiable areal unit problem How to solve MAUP (Openshaw, 1983):...it is not likely that solution exists that would allow the use of traditional techniques...the simplest is to pretend that it doesn't exist...the most convenient solution - to accept that zoning systems are independent of the phenomena they are used to report

39. 39 Ontologies in GIS Operational uses of ontology, in: Edge-matching Planar enforcement Generalization …

40. 40 History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1960’s- Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS - Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling - US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format - ESRI founded 1970’s- CGIS fully operational (and still operational today) - First Landsat satellite launched (USA) - USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resource databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format - ERDAS founded - ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)

41. 41 History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1980’s- ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS) - GPS became operational - US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS) - MapInfo founded - First SPOT satellite launched (Europe) - IDRISI Project started (GIS program) - SPANS GIS produced - National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA -TIGER/Line digital data - First GIS textbooks

42. 42 History of GIS DecadeMilestones for computer-based GIS 1990’s- MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others - ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS - $7+ billion industry 2000’s- Internet becomes major delivery vehicle - More than 1 million active users

43. Evolution of GIS Software Sub-routine libraries (60s/70s) Libraries of small programs (sub-routines) Required advanced programming skills Tool box with CLI (70s/80s) Basic package with Command Line Interface Required advanced technical skills Task-oriented system (90s/00s) Graphical User Interface (GUI) Customization capabilities to create specific- purpose applications

44. 44 User Interface Applications Geographic Tools Data Access Spatial Reference Vector Data Manager Raster Output Editing Analysis Customization Display Translation Functionality Architecture

45. 45 Number of Users Cost Internet Viewer Component Hand-held Desktop Professional Functionality GIS Software Classification

46. 46 Major Product Families AutodeskESRIIntergraphMapInfoSmallworld Viewer AutoCAD LT ArcReader GeoMedia ViewerProViewerCustom DesktopWorldArcViewGeoMediaMapInfo Professional Spatial Intelligence Profess- ional AutoCAD / Map ArcEditor ArcInfo GeoMedia ProMapInfo Professional Smallworld GIS Hand-heldOnSiteArcPadIntelliWhereMapXtendScout Database Server GIS ServerArcSDEUses Oracle Spatial SpatialWarePart of Smallworld GIS Component In several products Map Objects, ArcObjects Part of GeoMediaMapX, MapJPart of Smallworld GIS InternetMapGuideArcIMS, ArcGIS Server GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise MapXtreme, MapXSite Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server CADAutoCAD Map In several products Part of Smallworld GIS

47. 47 ArcGIS Platform ArcGIS Platform Extension Products Server Products Spatial Analyst 3D Analyst Geostatistical Analyst MrSID Encoder ArcPress StreetMap USA Files ArcSDE DBMS Gateway DBMS Coverages ArcIMS Internet Services Desktop Products ArcEditor ArcView ArcInfo The ArcGIS Desktop ArcGIS Server

48. 48 GIS Market