1. Chemical Reactions

2. I. Chemistry A. We already know that in order to create compounds we need to take different elements and bond them together. What are the different types of bonds? What part of the atom is involved? B. Chemical reactions is a change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances. Baking a cake, hydrolysis, photosynthesis 1. Nuclear reactions – when the nucleus is involved with the energy transfer…fission or fusion

3. II. Chemical Reactions A. Chemical reactions: transform one set of chemicals into another by changing bonds between atoms – 1. Can occur quickly or slowly B. Chemical reactions have two parts: – 1. Reactants: elements or compounds that enter the reaction (what you start with) – 2. Products: elements or compounds that are produced (what you end up with)

4. II. Chemical Reactions Examples 2H₂ + O₂  2H₂O _______ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂  6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP ____________________

5. III. Conservation of Mass A. Total mass of products in a chemical reaction will always equal the mass of the reactants. B. Antoine Lavoiser “father of modern chemistry” explained the law of conservation of mass and chemical reactions through nomenclature & stoichiometry

6. IV. Writing Equations A. Chemical equations a way to describe a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and other symbols. heat light elec.

7. IV. Writing Equations B. Remember the law of conservation of mass: – 1. Balancing equation Coefficient: 4 H 2 Osubscript: CO 2 How many hydrogen atomsHow many C & O? Oxygen? 8 hydrogen atoms1 carbon atom 4 oxygen atoms2 oxygen atoms

8. Practice ____CO + ____O 2  ____CO 2 ___KNO 3  ____KNO 2 + _____O 2 ____O 3  _____-O 2

9. V. Energy in Reactions A. Whenever chemical bonds form or are broken energy is released or absorbed. (bioenergetics) – Think about after you ingest a meal B. Energy change is a good indicator if a chemical reaction will occur. C. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously D. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

10. V. Energy in Reactions Examples – Reactions that release energy Pure Sodium + Water – Reactions the absorb energy (Take the energy of stirring) Cold Packs

11. V. Energy in Reactions E. Types of reactions: – 1. Exergonic – products have less energy than the reactants. Energy is given off. – Example: food being oxidized in mitochondria of cells. – 2. Endergonic – products have more energy than the reactants. Energy is required. – Example: plants using CO 2 and water to form sugars.

12. VI. Activation Energy A. The energy needed for a chemical reaction to start is known as activation energy. – 1. Every cell needs a little bit of energy to begin breaking down molecules. B. Examples

13. VII. Enzymes A. Some chemical reactions that make life possible are to slow or have very high activation energies therefore our cells compensate by making catalysts B. Catalysts are substances that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy without altering reaction. C. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalyst inside a cell.