1. First Aid Mgr. Zdeňka Kubíková Bc. Barbora Zuchová and others Cold Exposure

2.  Local – frostbites  General – hypothermia Damage of organism

3.  they are caused by very cool environs on exposed part of the body (mostly fingers, nose, chin, ears) or by touch of very cool object  liquid nitrogen, ice directly on skin, synthetic ice Local frostbites

4.  affected tissues are firstly pale, waxy white, blue spots could proceed stage by stage, they get black, could be blisters  firstly ador and stinging pain, then loss of sensibility, white numb skin Local frostbites

5. return of sensibility till 10 min.? YES – continue in tripNO – go into the nearest shelter First aid – in the field  replace clothing  hot liquids to drink  warm with body heat (don´t rub) Local frostbites

6. First aid – indoor  put off the rings!!!  expose affected parts, if you can  warm – bath 40°C + Betadine or Iodine disinfectant  enough liquids  due to range of frostbites – call EMS 155  check on vital signs www.horosvaz.czwww.horosvaz.cz – we recommend!!! Local frostbites

7. www.perun.cz Frostbites

8. gradual temperature fall of the body nub under 35°C  is caused by very cool environs on organism; wind makes the effect much greater!!!  gradual fall of physical temperature leads to slow down of vital signs, then to death  common reason of the beginning: accident and consecutive hypothermia ! General hypothermia In winter – homeless (the most endangered group of people), mountain climbers, intoxicated(alcohol) men Near drowner – both in summer (!!!) and in winter

9. Stages: 1. firstly casualty has shivering fit, clammy, pale, dry skin. The casualty crouches into glomerule.. 2. then shivering fit ends, inadequate behaviour starts, slow, apathic … unconsciousness 3. final stage: slowmotion of pulse rate and breathing… cardiac arrest General hypothermia

10. Keggenhoff, 2006 picture Defensive mechanism Conation to maintain maximal physical temperature General hypothermia 2. and 3. stage

11.  in the first stage - due to consciousness level give to casualty hot liquid, hot chocolate, ensure reserve clothing and care about heat comfort and mental support. If heath condition settles, there is possibility to continue in activity  in the second stage and next - if it beginns – inadequate, slow, apathic behaviour – don´t move with casualty  dialling of EMS 155  check on vital signs  gently isolate casualty from the ground + cover the casualty or warm with body heat by rescuer General hypothermia