1. Jack McDevitt Associate Dean and Director Institute on Race and Justice Northeastern University

2.  Worked on the following areas of racial disparity ◦ Capital Punishment ◦ Sentencing  Use of mandatory Sentences ◦ Police Decision to Arrest ◦ Police Misconduct (including use of Force) ◦ Hate Crime ◦ Racial Profiling ◦ Anti-gang enforcement programs

3.  Data is not available  Court is looking for data that exactly matches the situation of the defendant  Disparity does not always equal discrimination  How Much Disparity is Too Much?  Much Disparity is Cumulative  The “Baseline” Question

4.  Data is generally available for the individuals who are subject to formal decisions ◦ Sentencing ◦ Arrest  Data is less often available for those who are eligible but not subject to formal sanctions  Data is seldom available about how the decision was made ◦ School zone ……“good kids and bad kids”

5.  All agencies collect data on “what they do” generally as part of the an MIS system  Most Agencies can not manipulate the data within their system  Partner with a local academic  Make a request that is supported by “academic research”

6.  In racial profiling If we note that African American drivers are 27% of those who are stopped to what should we compare it ◦ Census population data ◦ Adjusted census data ◦ Estimated driving population ◦ Observed driving population  Internal Benchmarking ◦ Similarly Situated Officers