1. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition1 Guide To TCP/IP, Second Edition Chapter 4 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

2. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition2 Objectives Understand the Internet Control Message Protocol Test and troubleshoot sequences for ICMP Work with ICMP packet fields and functions

3. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition3 Understanding The Internet Control Message Protocol Provides information about –Network Connectivity –Routing behavior –Reachability –Delivery error reports –Control information –Network congestion

4. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition4 Overview of RFC 792 Specification of all ICMP messages RFC 792 point about IP and ICMP –Mechanism for gateways (routers) or destination hosts to communicate with source hosts –Specially formatted IP datagrams, with specific associated message types and codes –Essential part of IP’s support fabric –ICMP reports errors only about processing of non- ICMP IP datagrams

5. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition5 ICMP’s Vital Role on IP Networks ICMP is used for network monitoring and troubleshooting

6. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition6 ICMP’s Vital Role on IP Networks (cont.)

7. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition7 Testing And Troubleshooting Sequences For ICMP Connectivity testing with PING –ICMP Echo Request –ICMP Echo Reply Windows XP command-line parameters used with PING –-l –-f –-i –-v –-w

8. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition8 Testing And Troubleshooting Sequences For ICMP (cont.)

9. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition9 Testing And Troubleshooting Sequences For ICMP (cont.)

10. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition10 Path Discovery with TRACEROUTE Identifies a path Steps TRACEROUTE uses to identify a path –Host sends ICMP Echo Request with a TTL value of 1 –Router 1 discards the packet and sends an ICMP Time Exceeded-TTL Exceeded in Transit message –Host sends ICMP Echo Request with a TTL value of 2 –Router 1 decrements ICMP Echo Request packet by 1 –Router 2 discards the packet and sends an ICMP Time Exceeded-TTL Exceeded in Transit message –Destination host sends a ICMP Echo Reply

11. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition11 Path Discovery with TRACEROUTE (cont.)

12. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition12 Path Discovery with TRACEROUTE (cont.) Windows XP command-line parameters used with TRACERT –-d –-h –-w

13. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition13 Routing Sequences for ICMP Router Discovery –ICMP Router Solicitation –ICMP Router Discovery Router Advertising –Periodic ICMP Router Advertisements passively learn about available routes –TTL route entry is 30 minutes then route entry is removed from the route table –Advertising rate is between seven to ten minutes Redirection to a better router

14. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition14 Routing Sequences for ICMP (cont.)

15. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition15 Routing Sequences for ICMP (cont.)

16. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition16 Security Issues For ICMP ICMP is part of a reconnaissance process –IP host probe –Port probe

17. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition17 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions Two types of ICMP fields –Constant and Variable Constant ICMP fields –Type Field –Code Field –Checksum Field

18. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition18 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

19. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition19 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.) The variable ICMP structures and functions –Types 0 and 8: Echo Reply and Echo Packets –Type 3: Destination Unreachable Packets Code 0: Net Unreachable Code 1: Host Unreachable Code 2: Protocol Unreachable Code 3: Port Unreachable Code 4: Fragmentation Needed and Don’t Fragment Was Set Code 5: Source Route Failed Code 6: Destination Network Unknown Code 7: Destination Host Unknown

20. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition20 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

21. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition21 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

22. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition22 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

23. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition23 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

24. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition24 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

25. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition25 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

26. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition26 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

27. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition27 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.)

28. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition28 ICMP Packet Fields And Functions (cont.) Type 3: Destination Unreachable Packets (cont.) –Code 8: Source Host Isolated –Code 9: Communication with Destination Network Is Administratively Prohibited –Code 10:Communication with Destination Host Is Administratively Prohibited –Code 11: Destination Network Unreachable for Type of Service –Code 12: Destination Host Unreachable for Type of Service –Code 13: Communication Administratively Prohibited –Code 14: Host Precedence Violation –Code 15: Precedence Cutoff in Effect

29. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition29 Chapter Summary ICMP provides vital feedback about IP routing and delivery problems ICMP also provides important IP diagnostic and control capabilities that include reachability analysis, congestion management, route optimization, and timeout error reports

30. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition30 Chapter Summary (cont.) Although ICMP messages fall within various well- documented types and behave as a separate protocol at the TCP/IP Network layer, ICMP is really part of IP itself, and its support is required in any standards-compliant IP implementation RFC 792 describes ICMP, but numerous other RFCs (such as 950, 1191, and 1812) describe additional details about how ICMP should behave, and how its messages should be generated and handled

31. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition31 Chapter Summary (cont.) Two vital TCP/IP diagnostic utilities, known as PING and TRACEROUTE (invoked as TRACERT in the Windows environment), use ICMP to measure roundtrip times between a sending and receiving host, and to perform path discovery for a sending host and all intermediate hosts or routers between sender and receiver

32. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition32 Chapter Summary (cont.) Although ICMP has great positive value as a diagnostic and reporting tool, those same capabilities can be turned to nefarious purposes as well, which makes security issues for ICMP important When hackers investigate networks, ICMP host probes often represent early stages of attack

33. Guide to TCP/IP, Second Edition33 Chapter Summary (cont.) Understanding the meaning and significance of the ICMP Type and Code fields is essential to recognizing individual ICMP messages and what they are trying to communicate ICMP message structures and functions can vary, depending on the information that any such message seeks to convey