1. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Science & Technology Perspectives on CCS for Carbon Management in Atmosphere Dr (Mrs) Malti Goel Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE: R&D PRIORITIES FOR INDIA ON 22-23 JANUARY 2008 AT NEW DELHI

2. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

3. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology World Total CO2 and Per capita Emissions from Energy Sector

4. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Source: Center for Global Change, India Source- Integrated Energy Policy of India 2006 Current Coal Production in India is about 450 MT/ annum  India has set a goal of Sustained Energy Growth at 8-9 %  Coal is dominant primary energy resource having a share of 60 % and will continue to have significant share up to 2030  Per capita energy consumption and per capita CO2 emission is quite low INDIA’S Energy Growth Scenario and CO2 Emissions and Projections

5. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Future Share Of Different Resources Total Anticipated Capacity Addition 160GW Renewable Energy 50 GW 20 GW 15 GW 60-80 GW Nuclear Energy Hydropower Remaining Share of Fossil Fuels

6. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology India’s Energy Security: Challenges and Response Adoption of high efficiency in thermal power generation through fuel and boiler technology -Super Critical Boiler technology in offing Increasing use of renewable energy sources Significant growth in Wind energy generation achieved – installed capacity approaching 7GW Growing nuclear power production Energy efficiency programmes in end use sectors Initiated Joint Activities to be implemented under JI/ AIJ mechanisms Promotion of clean coal technology Research on carbon capture and storage Move towards hydrogen economy Energy security in 21st century will rely on environmentally friendly use of fossil fuels

7. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

8. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Carbon Sources Carbon cycle S & T Perspectives Natural Processes Carbon Sinks Carbon Capture Carbon Emission Reduction Carbon Storage CARBON MANAGEMENT Carbon Management in Atmosphere

9. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Clean Coal Technology Capture Materials & Processes Modeling Studies of Sequestered carbon Microbial Sequestration Terrestrial Carbon Storage Geological Storage S & T PERSPECTIVES S & T Perspectives in Carbon Management

10. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Indian Participation in CCS Research India has been one of the active member of CSLF and has supported R&D and Capacity Building activities within Country Policy Guidelines India has also signed Framework Protocol on FutureGen, a zero emission project, with USA Has been conducting Interaction Meets and organized International Workshop on R&D challenges in CCS for a Sustainable Future Indian CO2 Sequestration Applied Research network has been started to disseminate the information on latest developments among various Stakeholders.

11. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Energy Resource Perspectives – Identification of Research Needs COAL SECTOR Specific absorption test data for coal composition Reservoir screening criteria Modeling studies for fluid flow Gas injection studies Advancements in Drilling Technology for safer disposal OIL SECTOR Laboratory experiments of CO 2 absorption/injection/swelling Composition simulation of oil & gas samples collected from well head Effect of displacement rate/saturation Developing equation of state for CO 2 oil phase behavior Investigations of Natural Analogues in Natural gas fields

12. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Workshop On R&D Challenges Topics Covered –CCS & Energy Security – Materials Research for Carbon Capture – Enhance Oil & CBM Recovery – CO2 Injection and Monitoring Research – Pre-combustion and Near Zero Emission Energy Technology – International Initiatives, Programs and Collaborations

13. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

14. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Why Capture CO2? CO 2 has almost 50% contribution to global warming IPCC report defines CO 2 capture as process of separation of CO 2 from industrial and energy related sources 4946 fossil fuel based power generation sources are identified as having emission of more than 0.1 mt/annum adding to 10.5 BT/annum 2945 other sources adding to about 3 MT/annum CO 2 has almost 50% contribution to global warming IPCC report defines CO 2 capture as process of separation of CO 2 from industrial and energy related sources 4946 fossil fuel based power generation sources are identified as having emission of more than 0.1 mt/annum adding to 10.5 BT/annum 2945 other sources adding to about 3 MT/annum

15. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Precombustion R&D In Academic Institutions And Research Laboratories Quality enhancement of coal for its efficient utilization Evaluations of combustion behavior of coal at different ash levels Development of a new coal washability index. A plant scale comparison of Vorsyl separator and dense medium cyclone in coal treatment Prospects of coal water slurry as support fuel in thermal power plants Super Clean Coal Development

16. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Clean Coal Technology Initiatives in Industry In house R&D in Industry like BHEL, NTPC, Tatas, SAIL and Jindals to give thrust to R&D on Coal Beneficiation, Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and IGCC Policy guidelines to use coal with < 34% ash in power plants at 1000km from pit head or in urban areas Non-coking coal washing capacity of 70 MT has been established Technology development for Coal Preparation, Fluidized Bed Gasification, IGCC, Oxy-fuel combustion and others Feasibility studies on In-situ coal gasification In house R&D in Industry like BHEL, NTPC, Tatas, SAIL and Jindals to give thrust to R&D on Coal Beneficiation, Coal Gasification, Liquefaction and IGCC Policy guidelines to use coal with < 34% ash in power plants at 1000km from pit head or in urban areas Non-coking coal washing capacity of 70 MT has been established Technology development for Coal Preparation, Fluidized Bed Gasification, IGCC, Oxy-fuel combustion and others Feasibility studies on In-situ coal gasification

17. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Coal Based Capture Research There is need for CCT development with a target to make zero emission power generation a reality

18. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Market Place Commercial Scale Demonstration Demonstration Research CO 2 CAPTURE Cost effective capture Oxy fuel Combustion Pre Combustion Separation Separation from natural gas Current Status - Carbon Capture Technologies

19. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

20. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Potential Sites For Carbon Dioxide Storage and Their Potential Empty oil fields Empty natural gas fields Enhanced oil recovery Enhanced coal bed methane Saline aquifers 1. N gas fields on- shore 2. N gas fields off- shore 3. Coal beds 4. Aquifers 5. Oil fields on- shore 6. Oil fields off- shore

21. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Large Scale Carbon Sequestration Research In India  Evaluation of Basalt Formations of India for environmentally safe and irreversible long time storage of CO 2  CO2 injection for EOR in Ankleshwar field from Hazira gas. Scoping studies proposed  Research on underground disposal and coal bed methane undertaken  Collaborative research on screening criteria development for geological sequestration in Saline Aquifersinitiated

22. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Co 2 Trapping In Geological Media Dense gas Physico – chemical properties between those of liquid and gas. Solubility approaching liquid phase Diffusivity approaching gas phase Characteristics of Supercritical CO 2

23. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Proposed studies on geophysical sounding and deep resistivity surveys using Schumberger method for preparation of 2D and 3D models of subsurface lithography up to the depth of 800 m Study on Saline Aquifers for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration

24. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Market Place Commercial Scale Demonstration Demonstration Research CO 2 Storage Silicate minerals & basalt rocks Abandoned coalmines, ECBM Depleted oil/gas fields, saline aquifers Storage for enhanced oil recovery Status of Large Scale Carbon Storage Technologies

25. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

26. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Small Scale Carbon Sequestration Research In India Materials Research for Cost Effective Carbon Capture Process Development Micro-algae and Microbial Fixation of CO2 from Industrial effluents for value added products as multi-institutional projects Terrestrial and agro-forestry modeling studies to enhance sequestration rate of CO2 in ecosystem Regenerative carbon dioxide removal by chemical and biological means are other areas Adaptive response of microalgae to high CO 2 coupled with high temperature and reduced pH

27. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology DST Programmes - Capacity Building Workshops held. First Inter-Sectoral CO 2 Sequestration Research Interaction Meet at New Delhi on February 28, 2004 2 nd DST CO2 Sequestration Technology Interaction Meet at New Delhi on March 23, 2006 International Workshop on R&D Challenges in Carbon Capture and Storage Technology on Jan. 12-13, 2007 at Hyderabad (80 Participants including 19 eminent experts from USA, UK, Australia, Denmark, UAE, France, Bangladesh, and Saudi Arabia and others) A number of academic institutions and R&D laboratories evinced interest in CCS scientific research DST support also given to Young Researchers’ participation in National and International Programmes

28. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Contents of Presentation Introduction CCS as Agenda for Carbon Management Coal Based Capture Research Large-Scale Storage R&D Small Scale Storage R&D Conclusions

29. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Conclusions Fossil fuels will continue to have major share in primary energy fuels globally Coal is dominant fuel meeting 69% of nation’s current commercial energy demand Emerging CCS options would make coal based thermal power generation environmentally friendly High cost of carbon capture and carbon storage and fall in efficiency of a power plant remain main barriers Pre-combustion CO2 sequestration requires more technology development efforts but may provide cost-effective solutions in the long run and can be used in conjunction with renewables

30. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Future Prospects Our energy capacity has to grow to meet basic needs of People and coal use need to be sustained Carbon capture technologies are not fully developed and the cost is prohibitively high. There is a need for Generation of Industry Support and Partnerships The cost of CO2 sequestration is also the main barrier in acceleration of research efforts. Other means of covering the cost through income from energy fuel recovery or carbon credits not adequate. Require more attention to Infrastructure Development as the CO2 Storage Projects are Large Scale projects

31. S&T Perspectives on CO2 Sequestration Technology Goal - Zero Emission Coal Based Technology THANK YOU