1. Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. CHAPTER 26 Diuretic Drugs

2. 2 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Diuretic Drugs  Drugs that accelerate the rate of urine formation  Results in the removal of sodium and water

3. 3 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Sodium  In the nephron, where sodium goes, water follows  20% to 25% of all sodium is reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the ascending loop of Henle  5% to 10% is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubules  3% is reabsorbed in collecting ducts  If water is not absorbed, it is excreted as urine

4. 4 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

5. 5 Types of Diuretic Drugs  Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors  Loop diuretics  Osmotic diuretics  Potassium-sparing diuretics  Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

6. 6 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (CAIs)  acetazolamide (Diamox)  methazolamide (Neptazane)

7. 7 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action  The enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps to make H + ions available for exchange with sodium and water in the proximal tubules  CAIs block the action of carbonic anhydrase, thus preventing the exchange of H + ions with sodium and water

8. 8 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action (cont’d)  Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase reduces H + ion concentration in renal tubules  As a result, there is increased excretion of bicarbonate, sodium, water, and potassium  Resorption of water is decreased, and urine volume is increased

9. 9 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Indications  Adjunct drugs in the long-term management of open-angle glaucoma  Used with miotics to lower intraocular pressure before ocular surgery in certain cases  Also useful in the treatment of:  Edema  Epilepsy  High-altitude sickness

10. 10 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Indications (cont’d)  Acetazolamide is used in the management of edema secondary to HF when other diuretics are not effective  CAIs are less potent diuretics than loop diuretics or thiazides—the metabolic acidosis they induce reduces their diuretic effect in 2 to 4 days

11. 11 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Adverse Effects  Metabolic acidosis  Anorexia  Hematuria  Photosensitivity  Melena  Hypokalemia  Drowsiness  Paresthesias  Urticaria

12. 12 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics  bumetanide (Bumex)  furosemide (Lasix)  torsemide (Demedex)

13. 13 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics: Mechanism of Action  Act directly on the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit chloride and sodium resorption  Increase renal prostaglandins, resulting in the dilation of blood vessels and reduced peripheral vascular resistance

14. 14 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics: Drug Effects  Potent diuresis and subsequent loss of fluid  Decreased fluid volume causes a reduction in:  BP  Pulmonary vascular resistance  Systemic vascular resistance  Central venous pressure  Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure  Potassium and sodium depletion

15. 15 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics: Indications  Edema associated with HF or hepatic or renal disease  To control hypertension  To increase renal excretion of calcium in patients with hypercalcemia  In cases of HF resulting from diastolic dysfunction

16. 16 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics: Adverse Effects Body SystemAdverse Effects CNSDizziness, headache, tinnitus, blurred vision GINausea, vomiting, diarrhea

17. 17 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Loop Diuretics: Adverse Effects (cont’d) Body SystemAdverse Effects HematologicAgranulocytosis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia MetabolicHypokalemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia

18. 18 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics  mannitol (Osmitrol)

19. 19 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics: Mechanism of Action  Work mostly in the proximal tubule  Nonabsorbable, producing an osmotic effect  Pull water into the renal tubules from the surrounding tissues  Inhibit tubular resorption of water and solutes, thus producing rapid diuresis

20. 20 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics: Drug Effects  Increases glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow—helps to prevent kidney damage during acute renal failure  Reduces excessive intraocular pressure

21. 21 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics: Indications  Treatment of patients in the early, oliguric phase of ARF  To promote excretion of toxic substances  To reduce intracranial pressure  Treatment of cerebral edema  NOT indicated for peripheral edema

22. 22 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics: Adverse Effects  Convulsions  Thrombophlebitis  Pulmonary congestion  Also headaches, chest pains, tachycardia, blurred vision, chills, and fever

23. 23 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol  Intravenous infusion only  May crystallize when exposed to low temperatures—use of a filter is required

24. 24 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics  amiloride (Midamor)  spironolactone (Aldactone)  triamterene (Dyrenium) Also known as aldosterone-inhibiting diuretics

25. 25 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Mechanism of Action  Work in collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules  Interfere with sodium-potassium exchange  Competitively bind to aldosterone receptors  Block resorption of sodium and water usually induced by aldosterone

26. 26 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Drug Effects  Prevent potassium from being pumped into the tubule, thus preventing its secretion  Competitively block aldosterone receptors and inhibit their action  Promote the excretion of sodium and water

27. 27 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Indications  spironolactone and triamterene  Hyperaldosteronism  Hypertension  Reversing potassium loss caused by potassium-losing drugs  Certain cases of HF  amiloride  Treatment of HF

28. 28 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Adverse Effects Body SystemAdverse Effects CNSDizziness, headache GI Cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea OtherUrinary frequency, weakness, hyperkalemia

29. 29 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Adverse Effects (cont’d) spironolactone  Gynecomastia  Amenorrhea  Irregular menses  Postmenopausal bleeding

30. 30 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics  Thiazide diuretics  hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, HydroDIURIL)  chlorothiazide (Diuril)  trichlormethiazide (Metahydrin)  Thiazide-like diuretics  metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn)

31. 31 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics: Mechanism of Action  Inhibit tubular resorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions  Action primarily in the distal convoluted tubule  Result: water, sodium, and chloride are excreted  Potassium is also excreted to a lesser extent  Dilate the arterioles by direct relaxation

32. 32 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics: Drug Effects  Lowered peripheral vascular resistance  Depletion of sodium and water (and potassium)

33. 33 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics (cont’d)  Thiazides should not be used if creatinine clearance is less than 30 to 50 mL/min (normal is 125 mL/min)  Metolazone remains effective to a creatinine clearance of 10 mL/min

34. 34 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics: Indications  Hypertension (one of the most prescribed group of drugs for this)  Edematous states  Idiopathic hypercalciuria  Diabetes insipidus  Heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction  Adjunct drugs in treatment of edema related to HF, hepatic cirrhosis, or corticosteroid or estrogen therapy

35. 35 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics: Adverse Effects Body SystemAdverse Effects CNSDizziness, headache, blurred vision, paresthesias, decreased libido GIAnorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

36. 36 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Thiazide and Thiazide-like Diuretics: Adverse Effects (cont’d) Body SystemAdverse Effects GUImpotence IntegumentaryUrticaria, photosensitivity MetabolicHypokalemia, glycosuria, hyperglycemia hyperuricemiaOthers

37. 37 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications  Perform a thorough patient history and physical examination  Assess baseline fluid volume status, intake and output, serum electrolyte values, weight, and vital signs—especially postural BPs  Assess for disorders that may contraindicate or necessitate cautious use of these drugs

38. 38 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Instruct patients to take the medication in the morning if possible to avoid interference with sleep patterns  Monitor serum potassium levels during therapy  Potassium supplements are usually not recommended when potassium levels exceed 3 mEq/L

39. 39 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Teach patients to maintain proper nutritional and fluid volume status  Teach patients to eat more potassium-rich foods when taking any but the potassium- sparing drugs  Foods high in potassium include bananas, oranges, dates, apricots, raisins, broccoli, green beans, potatoes, meats, fish, and legumes

40. 40 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Patients taking diuretics along with a digitalis preparation should be taught to monitor for digitalis toxicity  Diabetic patients who are taking thiazide and/or loop diuretics should be told to monitor blood glucose and watch for elevated levels

41. 41 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Teach patients to change positions slowly and to rise slowly after sitting or lying to prevent dizziness and fainting related to orthostatic hypotension  Encourage patients to keep a log of their daily weight  Remind patients to return for follow-up visits and labwork

42. 42 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Patients who have been ill with nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea should notify their physician because fluid loss may be dangerous  Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia include muscle weakness, constipation, irregular pulse rate, and overall feeling of lethargy

43. 43 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Instruct patients to notify their physician immediately if they experience rapid heart rates or syncope (reflects hypotension or fluid loss)  A weight gain of 2 or more pounds a day or 5 or more pounds a week should be reported immediately  Excessive consumption of licorice can lead to additive hypokalemia in patients taking thiazides

44. 44 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Monitor for adverse effects:  Metabolic alkalosis, drowsiness, lethargy, hypokalemia, tachycardia, hypotension, leg cramps, restlessness, decreased mental alertness  Monitor for hyperkalemia with potassium- sparing diuretics

45. 45 Mosby items and derived items © 2011, 2007, 2004 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Nursing Implications (cont’d)  Monitor for therapeutic effects  Reduction of edema, fluid volume overload, HF  Reduction of hypertension  Return to normal intraocular pressures